Sources

[1] Noah Presgroves Autopsy Report: https://kfor.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2024/05/full-presgrove-ME-report_Redacted.pdf 

Sources for Noah's case will be updated shortly!

[1] Asma-Sadeque, S. (2024, June 22). Inside the Terror that Gripped New York City During ‘Son of Sam’ Killings: Read PEOPLE’s 1977 Cover Story. People Magazine. (Internet). Retrieved from: https://people.com/son-of-sam-stalks-new-york-read-people-cover-story-8666846 

[2] Bonn, S. A. (2023, October 30). The Rise of the Son of Sam. A glimpse inside the evolution of a serial killer. Psychology Today. (Internet). Retrieved from: https://psychologytoday.com/ca/blog/wicked-deeds/202310/the-rise-of-the-son-of-sam

[3] Brooks, T. J. (2024). The Devil Is in The Details: An Analysis of the Satanic Panic.

[4] Collins, L. (2024, January 11). The strange origins of the satanic panic: How one canadian book started a worldwide Witch Hunt | CBC arts. CBCnews. https://www.cbc.ca/arts/satan-wants-you-filmmakers-q-a-sean-horlor-steve-j-adams-1.6822213 

[5] Douglas, J., & Olshaker, M. (1995). The Heart of Darkness. In Mindhunter (pp. 146 - 152). Gallery Books. 

[6] Hughes, S. (2017). American monsters: Tabloid media and the satanic panic, 1970–2000. Journal of American Studies, 51(3), 691-719.

[7] Johnson, R. C. (1994). Parallels between recollections of repressed childhood sex abuse, kidnappings by Space Aliens, and the Salem witch hunts. IPT Journal. http://www.ipt-forensics.com/journal/volume6/j6_1_4.htm 

[8] N.a. (2024, May 28). “Son of Sam” serial killer David Berkowitz denied parole after 12th board appearance. CBS News. (Internet). Retrieved from: https://www.cbsnews.com/news/son-of-sam-denied-parole-serial-killer-david-berkowitz/

[9] New York State. (n.d.) Parole Board Interview Calendar. Department of Corrections and Community Supervision. (Internet). Retrieved from: https://publicapps.doccs.ny.gov/ParoleBoardCalendar/default?name=B&month=05&year=2024 

[10] Pursell, A. (2019). Pizzagate 1.0: The Satanic Ritual Abuse Panic of the 1980s.

[11] Rosewood, J., & Lo, R. (2017). David Berkowitz. In The Big Book of Serial Killers (pp. 17–20). LAK Publishing. 

[12] Satan Wants You. (2022). CBC Gem. Retrieved 2024, from https://gem.cbc.ca/satan-wants-you. 

[13] Storyteller Ministries. (2016). David Berkowitz: In His Own Words Part 4 of 9. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LMF-06Fj8yg&t=3s 

[14] The Official Website of the David Berkowitz (former Son of Sam) Story. Retrieved from: https://www.ariseandshine.org/

[15] Yuhas, A. (2021, March 31). It’s time to revisit the satanic panic. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/31/us/satanic-panic.html?searchResultPosition=3 

[1] Abbott, G. (n.d.). Rack. Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/technology/rack-torture-instrument   

[2] Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2024, March 27). drawing and quartering. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from: https://www.britannica.com/topic/drawing-and-quartering 

[3] Brown, J. (2023, April 16). A Brief History of Hanging, Drawing, and Quartering. History Defined. Retrieved from: https://www.historydefined.net/hanging-drawing-and-quartering/  

[4] Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/218593079/william-collingbourne), memorial page for William Collingbourne (1435–Dec 1484), Find a Grave Memorial ID 218593079, citing Austin Friars Churchyard, Broad Street, City of London, Greater London, England; Maintained by Plantagenet Crown Dynasty (contributor 49922906).

[5] Giacomazzo, B. (2022, August 25). The sickening history of the rack, the medieval torture device that stretched your limbs until they dislocated. All That’s Interesting. https://allthatsinteresting.com/rack-torture  

[6] Howard, K. (2024, August 11). Lingchi, The Chinese Execution Method Reserved For The Most Vicious Criminals. All That’s Interesting. https://allthatsinteresting.com/lingchi.  

[7] Jones, M. (2007-2008). Mutilating the Body: Punishing High Treason in England, 1534 to 1690. Historical Discourses: The McGill Undergraduate Journal of History, 22, 78 - 87. https://www.mcgill.ca/history/files/history/historicaldiscourses2008_0.pdf#page=82

[8] Little, B. (2023). 7 famous torture devices, real and mythical. History.com. https://www.history.com/news/7-famous-torture-devices-medieval-iron 

[9] Mortimer, I. (2010, March 30). Why do we say ‘hanged, drawn, and quartered?’ [PDF Essay]. Retrieved from: https://www.ianmortimer.com/essays/drawing.pdf  

[10] N.a. (n.d). Death by 1000 cuts: The gruesome history of the notorious ancient Chinese punishment of Lingchi. History Skills. https://www.historyskills.com/classroom/year-7/death-by-1000-cuts/#:~:text=The%20act%20of%20dismembering%20the,an%20act%20of%20filial%20impiety.  

[11] N.a., The pear of anguish - history & pictures. Medieval Britain. (2024a, March 27). https://medievalbritain.com/type/medieval-life/torture-devices/the-pear-of-anguish/   

[12] N.a.,The rack - history & pictures. Medieval Britain. (2024b, March 27). https://medievalbritain.com/type/medieval-life/torture-devices/the-rack/  

[13] Redd, W. (2024, April 2). The Pear Of Anguish And Its Alleged Use As A Torture Device In Early Modern Europe. All That’s Interesting. https://allthatsinteresting.com/pear-of-anguish  

[14] Seaver, C. (2022, December 17). The bizarre history of the pear of anguish. History Defined. https://www.historydefined.net/pear-of-anguish/  

[15] Seaver, C. (n.d.). The History of Lingchi: Death by a Thousand Cuts. History defined. https://www.historydefined.net/lingchi/.  

[16] Simon, R. (2023, November 1). “Godly butchery”: the horrifying history of hanging, drawing and quartering. HistoryExtra. Retrieved from: https://www.historyextra.com/period/medieval/hanging-drawing-quartering-what-why-treason-disembowelment/

[1] Biagetti, S. (2019, July 24). Freemasonry -- its origins, its myths, and its rituals. Spotify. https://open.spotify.com/episode/2YRmIqPbFwyX65xMJqOPQa?si=C0iZprffRb2wH-gWqBI4cA 

[2] Blakemore, E. (2023, September 19). What’s the real history of the Freemasons? History. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/freemasons-history-conspiracy-secret 

[3] Bosshardt, W. and Lopus, J.S. (2013). Business in the Middle Ages: What was the role of guilds?. Social Education: 77(2): 64-67. https://www.socialstudies.org/system/files/publications/articles/se_77021364.pdf. 

[4] Cartwright, M. (2023, March 30). Medieval guilds. World History Encyclopedia. https://www.worldhistory.org/Medieval_Guilds/ 

[5] Dale, J. (2022, November 18). Famous Freemasons. Masons of California. https://freemason.org/famous-freemasons/ 

[6] Different branches of Freemasonry. FREEMASONRY.network. (n.d.). https://freemasonry.network/masonic-structures/currents-of-freemasonry/different-branches-of-freemasonry/ 

[7] Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. (2024, July 30). Freemasonry. Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Freemasonry 

[8] Famous Freemasons. United Grand Lodge of England. (n.d.). https://www.ugle.org.uk/discover-freemasonry/famous-freemasons 

[9] History. Benevolence. (n.d.). https://santfreemasons.org.au/history/ 

[10] Lilley, G. (2020). A list of famous Freemasons you need to see. George H Lilley. https://www.ghlilley.com.au/blogs/news/famous-freemasons 

[11] Masonic rituals exposed [video]. Dallas Freemasonry. (2023, October 5). https://dallasfreemasonry.org/freemason-rituals 

[12] Stezano, M. (2023). One man exposed the secrets of the Freemasons. his disappearance led to their downfall. History.com. https://www.history.com/news/freemason-secrets-revealed 

[13] The Taxil hoax. Southern California Research Lodge. (n.d.). https://www.theresearchlodge.com/store/masonicstyle-print-edition-7zb5n-6fs83-hzmrw 

Recommendations Sources:

[1] The Freemasons Podcast by George Mudry https://open.spotify.com/show/0BHrT8beUzcFKkU4PUs0P0?si=917ac7b89c5c4e23 

[2] Inside the Freemasons. Documentary on YouTube. https://youtu.be/tRrG_KMMvNY?si=lk0KgCmenHFhu-0s

[1] (2017). Quora. Why isn’t the KKK labelled as a terrorist organization? https://www.quora.com/Why-isnt-the-KKK-labelled-as-a-terrorist-organization 

[2] (2017). Quora. Why isn’t the KKK regarded by the FBI as a domestic terrorist organization? https://www.quora.com/Why-isnt-the-KKK-regarded-by-the-FBI-as-a-domestic-terrorist-organization  

[3] Archuleta, A. (2021, February 26). Ron Stallworth. Colorado Springs Pioneers Museum. https://www.cspm.org/cos-150-story/ron-stallworth/  

[4] Conradis, B. & Coleman, J. (2020, May 31). Trump says he will designate antifa a terrorist organization. The Hill. Retrieved from: https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/500357-trump-says-he-will-designate-antifa-a-terrorist-organization/  

[5] FBI. (2016, May 3). Terrorism. FBI. https://www.fbi.gov/investigate/terrorism  

[6] Getchell, M. (n.d.). The reemergence of the KKK. Khan Academy. Retrieved from: https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-history/rise-to-world-power/1920s-america/a/the-reemergence-of-the-kkk  

[7] Government of Canada. (2021, June 25). Currently listed entities. Public Safety Canada. Retrieved from: https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/ntnl-scrt/cntr-trrrsm/lstd-ntts/crrnt-lstd-ntts-en.aspx 

[8] Guzman, J. (2020, June 10). Hundreds of thousands sign petitions calling on the US government to declare KKK a terrorist group. Changing America. Retrieved from: https://thehill.com/changing-america/respect/equality/502050-hundreds-of-thousands-sign-petition-calling-on-the-us/ 

[9] Manasan, A. (2020, Nov 28). The rise of the Ku Klux Klan in Canada - and why its lasting impact still matters. CBC News. Retrieved from: https://www.cbc.ca/radio/sunday/the-sunday-magazine-for-november-22-2020-1.5807350/the-rise-of-the-ku-klux-klan-in-canada-and-why-its-lasting-impact-still-matters-1.5807353 

[10] O’Dell, L. (2010, January 15). Ku Klux Klan. The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Retrieved from: https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry?entry=KU001

[11] Pashayan, A. R. (2020, June 20). Trump Wants to Label Antifa a Terrorist Organization. What About the KKK? Foreign Policy. Retrieved from: https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/06/20/trump-antifa-terrorist-organization-kkk-white-supremacy/ 

[12] Pietrusza, D. (n.d.) The Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s. Bill of Rights Institute. Retrieved from: https://billofrightsinstitute.org/essays/the-ku-klux-klan-in-the-1920s  

[13] Stallworth, R. (2018). Black Klansman: Race, Hate, and the Undercover Investigation of a Lifetime. Macmillan Publishers. 

[14] The Southern Poverty Law Centre. (n.d.). Klu Klux Klan. Retrieved from: https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/ideology/ku-klux-klan 

[1] N.a. (n.d.). Aileen Carol Wuornos. Office of the Clark County Prosecuting Attorney. http://www.clarkprosecutor.org/html/death/US/wuornos805.htm.

[2] (n.a.) (n.d.). The Case of Aileen Wuornos. Capital Punishment in Context. https://capitalpunishmentincontext.org/cases/wuornos. 

[3] Berry-Dee, C. (2019). Aileen “Lee” Carol Wuornos, In: Female Serial Killers: Up Close and Personal. Ulysses Press. ISBN: 978-1-61243-897-9.

[4] Biography.Com Editors, & Kettler S. (2023, December 09). Aileen Wuornos. Biography.com https://www.biography.com/crime/aileen-wuornos. 

[5] Jenkins, J.P. (2024, April 25). Aileen Wuornos: American Serial Killer. Brittanica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Aileen-Wuornos. 

[6] Shlosberg, A. & Sacks, M. (2024, May 21). Aileen Wuornos (no. 180) [Audio Podcast episode]. Women & Crime. https://womenandcrimepodcast.com/aileen-wuornos/.

[7] Real Stories Editors. (2021, December 12). Aileen Wuornos: The Story of a Serial Killer | Real Stories True Crime Documentary [video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ExGZtlzL1x4&ab_channel=RealStories. 

[8] Real Crime Editors. (2023, January 23). Life And Death Of A Serial Killer: Nick Broomfield's Chilling Doc On Aileen Wuornos | Real Crime [Youtube]. Real Crime. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qaGCNbIGomM&ab_channel=RealCrime.

[9]  Hayden, A.V. (2018, March 19).  8 Of The Most Shocking Moments From The Aileen Wuornos Murder Trial. Oxygen True Crime. https://www.oxygen.com/snapped/crime-time/shocking-moments-aileen-wuornos-murder-trial. 

[1] Cavendish, R. (2015, July). Serial killer Smith convicted: A notorious mass murderer was sentenced to death on July 1st 1915. History Today. (Internet). Retrieved from: https://www.historytoday.com/archive/serial-killer-smith-convicted 

[2] Jacobson, S. (2022, September 26). Crime of the Century: The Brides in the Bath. HeinOnline Blog. (Internet). Retrieved from: https://home.heinonline.org/blog/2022/09/crime-of-the-century-the-brides-in-the-bath/

[3] N.a. (n.d.). The Brides in the Bath case: George Joseph Smith. Watford Observer. (Internet). Retrieved from: https://www.watfordobserver.co.uk/news/nostalgia/crimelibrary/georgejosephsmith/bridesinthebath/ 

[4] Real Crime. “The Bigamist With a Taste For Blood | Murder Maps | Real Crime.” YouTube, 15 July 2021, https://youtu.be/88Azk-OiCjs?si=u-TdO0h4bXyPOi5f 

[5] Tremain, D., & Tremain, P. (2021). Death by Drowning. In How to Solve a Murder: true stories from a life in forensic medicine (pp. 129–153). essay, HarperElement. 

[6] Watson, E. R. (1922). Trial of George Joseph Smith. Internet Archive. (Internet). Retrieved from: https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.126771/page/n11/mode/2up 

[1] Cavendish, R. (2015, July). Serial killer Smith convicted: A notorious mass murderer was sentenced to death on July 1st 1915. History Today. (Internet). Retrieved from: https://www.historytoday.com/archive/serial-killer-smith-convicted 

[2] Jacobson, S. (2022, September 26). Crime of the Century: The Brides in the Bath. HeinOnline Blog. (Internet). Retrieved from: https://home.heinonline.org/blog/2022/09/crime-of-the-century-the-brides-in-the-bath/

[3] N.a. (n.d.). The Brides in the Bath case: George Joseph Smith. Watford Observer. (Internet). Retrieved from: https://www.watfordobserver.co.uk/news/nostalgia/crimelibrary/georgejosephsmith/bridesinthebath/ 

[4] Real Crime. “The Bigamist With a Taste For Blood | Murder Maps | Real Crime.” YouTube, 15 July 2021, https://youtu.be/88Azk-OiCjs?si=u-TdO0h4bXyPOi5f 

[5] Tremain, D., & Tremain, P. (2021). Death by Drowning. In How to Solve a Murder: true stories from a life in forensic medicine (pp. 129–153). essay, HarperElement. 

[6] Watson, E. R. (1922). Trial of George Joseph Smith. Internet Archive. (Internet). Retrieved from: https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.126771/page/n11/mode/2up 

[1] Jenkins, John Philip. "Harold Shipman". Encyclopedia Britannica, 26 Apr. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Harold-Shipman. Accessed 7 May 2024.

[2] Jackson, T., & Smith, R. (2004, January 24). Harold Shipman. BMJ : British Medical Journal. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC318504/ 

[1] 2,114 seizures of endangered animals and timber in major international law enforcement operation. INTERPOL. (n.d.-a). https://www.interpol.int/en/News-and-Events/News/2023/2-114-seizures-of-endangered-animals-and-timber-in-major-international-law-enforcement-operation 

[2] Appendices | cites. CITES. (n.d.). https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php 

[3] Breen, K. (2023, December 12). Hundreds of eggs, 53 primates, 660 pounds of ivory among items seized in global wildlife trafficking operation. CBS News. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/eggs-primates-ivory-seized-wildlife-trafficking/ 

[4] CITES. Species Survival Network. (2019, March 26). https://ssn.org/cites/#:~:text=Examples%20of%20species%20on%20CITES,Asian%20tropical%20lady’s%20slipper%20orchid

[5] Devlin, H. (2024, March 3). Forensic spray using jellyfish protein could speed up fingerprint detections. The Guardian. (Internet). Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/science/2024/mar/03/forensic-spray-using-jellyfish-protein-could-speed-up-fingerprint-detection  

[6] Environment, U. (n.d.). The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). UNEP. https://www.unep.org/explore-topics/oceans-seas/what-we-do/working-regional-seas/partners/international-union#:~:text=IUCN%20is%20the%20global%20authority,management%2C%20and%20education%20and%20communication. 

[7] Hauling out: International trade and management of walrus - wildlife trade report from traffic. TRAFFIC. (n.d.). https://www.traffic.org/publications/reports/hauling-out-international-trade-and-management-of-walrus/ 

[8] Illegal wildlife trade has become one of the “world’s largest criminal activities.” INTERPOL. (n.d.-b). https://www.interpol.int/en/News-and-Events/News/2023/Illegal-wildlife-trade-has-become-one-of-the-world-s-largest-criminal-activities 

[9] Introduction. (n.d.-a). https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/wildlife/2020/WWLC20_Chapter_1_Introduction.pdf 

[10] The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. (n.d.). https://www.iucnredlist.org/#:~:text=What%20is%20The%20IUCN%20Red,animal%2C%20fungi%20and%20plant%20species 

[11] Ruan, N., Qiu, Q., Wei, X., Liu, J., Wu, L., Jia, N., ... & James, T. D. (2024). De Novo Green Fluorescent Protein Chromophore-Based Probes for Capturing Latent Fingerprints Using a Portable System. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 146(3), 2072-2079.

[12] Smithsonian Institution. (2023, October 4). A look inside wildlife crime scene investigators. Smithsonian.com. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/wildlife-crime-scene-investigator-dna-trafficking-180982969/ 

[13] Wildlife crime: Terms and definitions. IFAW. (n.d.). https://www.ifaw.org/journal/wildlife-crime-terms-definitions 

[14] Wildlife forensic science. (n.d.-b). https://www.unodc.org/documents/Wildlife/Wildlife_Forensics_Brochure.pdf 

[1] Allan, L. (2021, September 23). The stupidest, most unbelievable alibis killers have ever tried to pull off. Ranker. https://www.ranker.com/list/dumb-killer-alibis/laura-allan 

[2] Bella, T. (2023, September 11). He allegedly killed a man. Then he made a song about it, police say. The Washington Post. (Internet). Retrieved from: https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2023/09/11/las-vegas-rapper-murder-song/ 

[3] Chasmar, J. (2013, July 28). Man armed with baseball bat tried to rob gun store. Washington Times. (Internet). Retrieved from: https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/jul/28/man-armed-baseball-bat-tries-rob-gun-store/ 

[4] Collman, A. (2013, July 28). Not so fast! Man attempts to rob a gun store with baseball bat - gets arrested instead when manager pulls out loaded weapon. Daily Mail. (Internet). Retrieved from: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2380519/Not-fast-Man-attempts-rob-gun-store-baseball-bat--gets-arrested-instead-manager-pulls-loaded-weapon.html 

[5] CNN Staff. (2013, July 26). Man armed with bat and knife attempts to rob a gun store - he fails. CNN. (Internet). Retrieved from: https://www.cnn.com/2013/07/26/us/gun-robber-armed-with-bat/index.html 

[6] Havervold, K. (n.d.). 10 of The Stupidest Criminals of All Time. howstuffworks. (Internet). Retrieved from: https://people.howstuffworks.com/10-of-the-stupidest-criminals-of-all-time.htm 

[7] Henderson, J. & Nichols, T. (2023, September 8). Rapper arrested on a murder charge after allegedly writing a song and making a music video about the crime. CNN. (Internet). Retrieved from: https://www.cnn.com/2023/09/08/us/kenjuan-mcdaniel-nevada-rapper-arrested-murder/index.html 

[8] Hough, A. (2009, October 30). 'Dumb' American criminals attempted robbery with 'permanent market pen disguises'. The Telegraph. (Internet). Retrieved from: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/6431303/Dumb-American-criminals-attempt-robbery-with-permanent-marker-pen-disguises.html 

[9] Kalmbacher, C. (3034, October 4). ‘His flame burned differently’: Brothers take pleas in stabbing death of aspiring lawyer who wanted to help people in need. Law&Crime. (Internet). Retrieved from: https://lawandcrime.com/crime/his-flame-burned-differently-brothers-take-pleas-in-stabbing-death-of-aspiring-lawyer-who-wanted-to-help-people-in-need/ 

[10] McGlothlen, J. (2009, November 5). Charges dismissed against 2 Iowa men who painted faces with markers. The Gazette. (Internet). Retrieved from: https://www.thegazette.com/news/charges-dismissed-against-2-iowa-men-who-painted-faces-with-marker/ 

[11] n.a. (2021, June 18). New Jersey Brothers Charged in Richland Township Homicide. Bucks County District Attorney’s Office. (Internet). Retrieved from: https://bucks.crimewatchpa.com/da/29567/post/new-jersey-brothers-charged-richland-township-homicide 

[12] n.a. (2023, November 13). New Jersey Man Sentenced To 25-55 Years in State Prison For 2021 Richland Township Killing. Bucks County District Attorney’s Office. (Internet). Retrieved from: https://bucks.crimewatchpa.com/da/29567/post/new-jersey-man-sentenced-25-55-years-state-prison-2021-richland-township-killing 

[13] Oliveira, A. (2023, September 8). Las Vegas rapper arrested after he allegedly 'confessed' to murder in music video. New York Post. (Internet). Retrieved from: https://nypost.com/2023/09/08/las-vegas-rapper-arrested-after-he-allegedly-confessed-to-murder-in-music-video/ 

[14] O’Neill, J. (2021, June 18). NJ teens caught dumping murder victim in Pa. woods after leaving hazard lights on. New York Post. (Internet). Retrieved from: https://nypost.com/2021/06/18/nj-teens-caught-disposing-of-a-body-after-leaving-hazard-lights-on/ 

[15] Simon, M. (2009, October 30). They make thier mark in mug shot history. CNN. (Internet). Retrieved from: https://www.cnn.com/2009/CRIME/10/29/iowa.marker.disguise/ 

[16] The Biggest Finn4800. "The Biggest Finn4800 - Fadee Free ( Dir. Dre Paiid Visualz )". YouTube, July 19, 2023, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j9PEkytzyqg 

[1] Collins, P. (2019, September 24). Understanding paraphilic disorders & the impact on criminality: Part One. Blue Line. https://www.blueline.ca/understanding-paraphilic-disorders-the-impact-on-criminality-part-one/  

[2] Crosby, J. (2017, June 28). Fetishistic disorder: Exploring fetishes, paraphilic disorders, and stigma-free treatment options. Thriveworks. https://thriveworks.com/blog/fetishistic-disorder/  

[3] Fisher, K. (2023, March 6). Paraphilia. StatPearls [Internet]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554425/#:~:text=Paraphilias%20are%20persistent%20and%20recurrent,of%20paraphilia%20and%20paraphilic%20disorders.  

[4] Garza, A. (2022, May 23). 9 serial killers with frightening and grotesque fetishes. Ranker. https://www.ranker.com/list/serial-killers-who-had-fetishes/alisha-garza  

[5] Hernandez, A. (2024, March 11). Name change from pedophilia to minor attracted person. LinkedIn. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/name-change-from-pedophilia-minor-attracted-person-anthony-hernandez/  

[6] McManus, M., Hargreaves, P., Rainbow, L., & Alison, L. (2013, September 2). Paraphilias: Definition, diagnosis and treatment. F1000prime reports. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3769077/#:~:text=These%20include%20a%20variety%20of,urophilia%3B%20infantilism%3B%20telephone%20scatologia.  

[7] N/A. (2020). Jerome Brudos - victims, Family & Facts. Biography. https://www.biography.com/crime/jerome-brudos  

[8] N/A. (n.d.). Jerry Brudos. Criminal Minds Wiki. https://criminalminds.fandom.com/wiki/Jerry_Brudos#On_Criminal_Minds 

[9] Sussex Publishers. (n.d.). Fetishistic disorder. Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/ca/conditions/fetishistic-disorder  

[10] Wikimedia Foundation. (2024, March 12). Jerry Brudos. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Brudos  

[1] Bauer, P. (2024, March 1). Richard Kuklinski. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Richard-Kuklinksi

[2] Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2024, March 14). John Wilkes Booth. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Wilkes-Booth

[3] de Korte, L.R., Kleemans, E.R. Contract killings: a crime script analysis. Trends Organ Crim 25, 130–143 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12117-021-09411-4

[4] Gammon, K. (2024, March 15). How Does Blood Spatter in Space? Nautilus. (Web). Retrieved from: https://nautil.us/how-does-blood-splatter-in-space-533383/  

[5] Kowalske, Z., Pantalos, G., Oleiwi, A., & Williams, G. (2024, February 9). Bloodstain pattern dynamics in microgravity: Observations of a plot study in the next frontier of forensic science. Forensic Science International: Reports. Volume 9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsir.2024.100358  

[6] Mckinley, J. (2024, January 14). Hit men are easy to find in the movies. real life is another story. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/14/nyregion/hit-men-are-easy-to-find-in-the-movies-real-life-is-another-story.html#:~:text=There%20are%20also%20hit%20men,Godfather%E2%80%9D%20and%20%E2%80%9CGoodfellas.%E2%80%9D  

[7] Richard Kuklinski - Alcatraz east pigeon forge. Alcatraz East. (2023, November 10). https://www.alcatrazeast.com/crime-library/organized-crime/richard-kuklinski/  

[8] Sutton, J. (2023, February 27). The contract killer. Criminal Behaviours. https://www.criminalbehaviours.com/post/the-contract-killer  

[9] van Gestel, B. (2023). Contract killings by organised crime groups: The spread of deadly violence. In Organized Crime in the 21st Century: Motivations, Opportunities, and Constraints (pp. 137-151). Cham: Springer International Publishing.

[10] Yaneva, M., Ioannou, M., Hammond, L., & Synnott, J. (2018). Differentiating contract killers: A narrative‐based approach. The Howard Journal of Crime and Justice, 57(1), 107-123.

[1] Carr, E. L. (Director). (2017). Mommy Dead and Dearest. [Film]. HBO Documentary Films.

[2] Gibson, Kelsie. (2024, January 8). The Biggest Revelations from The Prison Confessions of Gypsy Rose Blanchard. People. Internet. Retrieved from: https://people.com/the-prison-confessions-of-gypsy-rose-blanchard-biggest-revelations-8421990 

[3] Keegan, Harrison (2017, May 10). Everything you need to know about Dee Dee and Gypsy Rose Blanchard. Springfield News-Leader. Internet. Retrieved from: https://www.news-leader.com/story/news/local/2017/05/10/gypsy-blanchard-everything-you-need-know-case/101499166/ 

[4] Matthias, J., & Matthias, L. (Hosts). (2024, January 9). GYPSY ROSE EXPOSED - With Dr John Matthias, Forensic Psychologist. [Audio podcast episode]. In Hidden: A True Crime Podcast.  https://open.spotify.com/episode/4MMdU4dqYHt5cl0hCtTqWh?si=u9jHDezDQqu8KRLj5kD26Q 

[5] Mossburg, C., & Kaur, H. (2023, December 28). Gypsy Rose Blanchard, who pleaded guilty to helping kill her abusive mother, is released from prison. CNN. Internet. Retrieved from: https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/28/us/gypsy-rose-blanchard-prison-release-cec/index.html

[6] N.a. (2023, December 29). Gypsy Rose Blanchard had her mother killed. Now free, what’s her story? Aljazeera. [Internet]. Retrieved from: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/29/gypsy-rose-blanchard-had-her-mother-killed-now-free-whats-her-story

[7] Roppolo, Michael. (2023, December 23). Gypsy Rose Blanchard released from prison after serving 7 years for mother’s murder. Here’s what to know about her case. CBS News. Internet. Retrieved from: https://www.cbsnews.com/news/gypsy-rose-blanchard-parole-dee-dee-blanchard/

[8] Smith, J., Diaz, J., & Valiente, A. (2018, January 4). How a young woman forced to use a wheel chair, treated for several illnesses ended up in prison for her mother’s murder. ABCNews. Internet. Retrieved from: https://abcnews.go.com/US/young-wheelchair-bound-woman-treated-illnesses-ended-prison/story?id=52138979 

[1] A&E Television Networks. (2009). Atlanta child murderer is traced using rare nylon fiber. History.com. https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/atlanta-child-murderer-is-questioned 

[2] Bonn, S. A. (2017, December 4). Criminal profiling: The original mind hunter. Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/ca/blog/wicked-deeds/201712/criminal-profiling-the-original-mind-hunter#:~:text=In%20what%20is%20frequently%20cited,Jack%20the%20Ripper’s%20personality%2C%20behavioral 

[3] Cherry, K. (2024, February 4). How is behavioral analysis used as a treatment?. Verywell Mind. https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-behavior-analysis-2794865#:~:text=Applied%20behavior%20analysis%20(ABA)%20has,workplaces%2C%20and%20public%20health%20interventions.&text=All%20behaviors%20serve%20a%20purpose,be%20maladaptive%20for%20a%20person. 

[4] Douglas, J. E., & Burgess, M. (n.d.). Criminal Profiling - A Viable Investigative Tool Against Violent Crime | Office of Justice Programs. NCJRS Virtual Library. https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/criminal-profiling-viable-investigative-tool-against-violent-crime#:~:text=The%20process%20generally%20involves%20(1,evaluation%20of%20preliminary%20police%20reports. 

[5] Douglas, J., & Olshaker, M. (1995). Atlanta. In Mindhunter (pp. 211–239). Chapter, Gallery Books. 

[6] Epstein, G. (1987, August 30). Atlanta Child Murders: Wayne Williams “very like” FBI profile. ajc. https://www.ajc.com/news/crime--law/atlanta-child-murders-williams-very-like-fbi-profile/IKyewPxrv06NXcUWz98F9J/ 

[7] FBI. (n.d.). Behavioral Analysis. FBI: Law Enforcement Resources [Internet]. https://le.fbi.gov/science-and-lab/behavioral-analysis [Retrieved 05 February 2024]. 

[8] Ishak, N. (2024, January 19). An alleged serial killer was convicted of the Atlanta child murders - but the truth may be even worse. All That’s Interesting. https://allthatsinteresting.com/atlanta-child-murders 

[9] Lambert, L. (n.d.). George Metesky. Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/George-Metesky 

[10] Magazine, S. (2017, April 1). Unmasking the mad bomber. Smithsonian.com. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/unmasking-the-mad-bomber-180962469/ 

[1] Banks, A. (2019, July 29). Anthony Kirkland: A serial killer in Ohio. Criminally Intrigued. Internet Source. Retrieved from: https://www.criminallyintrigued.com/blog/2019/7/28/anthony-kirkland-a-serial-killer-in-ohio 

[2] Blanco, J. I. (n.d.). Anthony Kirkland: Murderpedia, the Encyclopedia of Murderers. Anthony Kirkland | Murderpedia, the encyclopedia of murderers. Internet source. Retrieved from: https://murderpedia.org/male.K/k/kirkland-anthony.htm 

[3] Byers, S. (2002). Postmortem Changes to Bone. In K. Hanson & J. Jacobson (Eds.), Introduction to Forensic Anthropology (pp. 352 - 373). Allyn & Bacon.

[4] Correia, P. M. (1997). Fire modification of bone: a review of the literature. Forensic taphonomy: The postmortem fate of human remains, 275 - 293.

[5] Gallo, G., Fyhrie, M., Paine, C., Ushakov, S. V., Izuho, M., Gunchinsuren, B., ... & Navrotsky, A. (2021). Characterization of structural changes in modern and archaeological burnt bone: Implications for differential preservation bias. PloS one, 16(7), e0254529

[6] Keough, N., L’Abbé, E. N., Steyn, M., & Pretorius, S. (2015). Assessment of skeletal changes after post-mortem exposure to fire as an indicator of decomposition stage. Forensic Science International, 246, 17-24.

[7] Love, J. C., & Wiersema, J. M. (September 1, 2016). Skeletal Trauma: An Anthropological Review. Acad Forensic Pathol, 6(3), 463 – 477.

[8] Pope, E. J., & Smith, O. C. (2004). Identification of traumatic injury in burned cranial bone: an experimental approach. Journal of Forensic Science, 49(3), JFS2003286-10.

[9] Rosewood, J., & Lo, R. (2017). Anthony Kirkland. In The Big Book of Serial Killers (pp. 195–197). essay, LAK Publishing.

[10] Stiner, M. C., Kuhn, S. L., Weiner, S., & Bar-Yosef, O. (1995). Differential Burling, Recrystallization, and Fragmentation of Archaeological Bone. Journal of Archaeological Science, 22, 223 - 237

[11] Thompson, T., & Gowland, R. (n.d.) What Happens to Human Bodies When They Are Burned? Durham University Forensic Archaeology and Anthropology. Retrieved from: https://www.futurelearn.com/info/courses/forensic-archaeology-and-anthropology/0/steps/67911#:~:text=The%20Dehydration%20and%20Decomposition%20stages,also%20causes%20significant%20colour%20change.

[12] Trevas, D. (2020, August 18). Court Affirms Death Resentencing in Teen Murders. Court News Ohio. Internet source. Retrieved from: https://www.courtnewsohio.gov/cases/2020/SCO/0818/181265.asp 

[13] Tutor, P. M., Márquez-Grant, N., Rojas, C., V., Garcìa, A., M., Guzmán, I., P., & Sánchez, M., B. (2021). Through fire and flames: post-burning survival and detection of dismemberment-related tool  marks in cremated cadavers. International Journal of Legal Medicine, 135, 801-815.

[14] Wescott, D. J. (2019). Postmortem change in bone biomechanical properties: Loss of plasticity. Forensic Science International, 300, 164 - 169

[1] Blum, D. (2013, January 28). The imperfect myth of the female poisoner. Wired. https://www.wired.com/2013/01/the-myth-of-the-female-poisoner/#:~:text=But%20because%20women%20seem%20to,the%20risks%20of%20physical%20confrontation. 

[2] CBC/Radio Canada. (2014, December 16). “internet black widow” denied any chance of Parole | CBC News. CBCnews. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/melissa-ann-shepard-denied-any-chance-of-parole-1.2874938 

[3] Chow, D. (2022, June 27). Intact woolly mammoth baby uncovered in Northwestern Canada. NBCNews.com. https://www.nbcnews.com/science/science-news/intact-wooly-mammoth-baby-uncovered-northwestern-canada-rcna35521 

[4] Kassam, A. (2016, March 25). Canada’s Black widow: The rosy-cheeked killer is back on the streets. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/25/canada-black-widow-released-melissa-shepard 

[5] Rose, T. (2019). Black Widows, Sexual Predators, and the Reality of Female Serial Killers (thesis). Retrieved 2024, from https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/682ac015-26ab-4153-851e-804ab6fef19e/content. 

[6] Taylor, R. (2023). Melissa Ann Shepard: Canada’s internet black widow. The Crime Wire. https://thecrimewire.com/true-crime/Canadas-Black-Widow 

[7] van Sambeck, B. (2023, December 19). Why are certain female killers called Black widows? it all goes back to a popular myth. Oxygen Official Site. https://www.oxygen.com/black-widow-murders/crime-news/why-are-female-killers-called-black-widows-what-are-they#:~:text=One%20kind%20of%20female%20murderer,usually%20partners%2C%20for%20financial%20reasons. 

[8] Wikimedia Foundation. (2023, December 26). Nannie Doss. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nannie_Doss 

If you or someone you may know has any information that could help identify those photographed, you can call 307-922-5295 or 714-375-5066.

[1] CBS News. (2010, September 25). The Killing Game. 48 Hours. (Internet). Retrieved from: https://www.cbsnews.com/news/48-hours-mystery-rodney-alcalas-killing-game/ 

[2] CBS/AP. (2016, September 20). Woman’s picture links serial killer to another cold case slaying. CBS News. (Internet). Retrieved from: https://www.cbsnews.com/news/rodney-alcala-serial-killers-picture-links-him-to-another-cold-case-slaying/ 

[3] Falcon, Gabriel. (2010, March 10). Convicted serial killer won on ‘Dating Game’. CNN. (Internet). Retrieved from: http://www.cnn.com/2010/CRIME/03/08/dating.game.killer/index.html 

[4] Handel, Sarah. (2010, March 11). Serial Killer Rodney Alcala’s Photo Trove Found. NPR News. (Internet). Retrieved from: https://www.npr.org/sections/talk/2010/03/serial_killer_rodney_alcalas_p.html 

[5] Kettles, Sara. (2023, October 3). Rodney Alcala. Biography. (Internet). Retrieved from: https://www.biography.com/crime/rodney-alcala 

[6] Lecture notes from ANTH 3473 taught by Dr. Tanya Peckmann at Saint Mary's University

[7] n.a. (2020, August 31). Forensic art world. Forensic Art World - Forensic Art Service LLC | Welcome to the world of Forensic Art. https://forensicartist.com/new/

[8] n.a. (2022, April 29). Forensic artist job description, education requirements and salary expectations. How to Become a Crime Scene Investigator | CSI Education. https://www.crimesceneinvestigatoredu.org/forensic-artist/#:~:text=Forensic%20artists%20work%20closely%20with,and%20models%20of%20crime%20scenes.

[9] n.a. (2021, July 24). Condemned Inmate Rodney Alcala Dies of Natural Causes. California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. (Internet). Retrieved from: https://www.cdcr.ca.gov/news/2021/07/24/condemned-inmate-rodney-alcala-dies-of-natural-causes/ 

[10] Pelisek, Christine. (2010, March 30). Orange County Judge Sentences Serial Killer and Dating Game Winner Rodney Alcala to Death (Updated). LA Weekly. (Internet). Retrieved from: https://www.laweekly.com/orange-county-judge-sentences-serial-killer-and-dating-game-winner-rodney-alcala-to-death-updated/ 

[11] Rosewood, J., & Lo, R. (2017). Rodney Alcala. In The Big Book of Serial Killers (pp. 9–11). LAK Publishing.

[12] Rudegeair, Peter. (2012, January 7). “Dating Game” killer sentenced for 1970s murder. (Internet). REUTERS. Retrieved from: https://www.reuters.comarticle/idUSBRE9060S1/ 

[1] American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Antisocial Personality Disorder. In Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596. 

[2] Anderson, NE, & Kiehl, KA. (2014). Psychopathy: developmental perspectives and their implications for treatment. Restor Neurol Neurosci.;32(1):103-17. doi: 10.3233/RNN-139001. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4321752/. 

[3] Berlinger, J. (Producer & Director). (2022). Conversations with a killer: The John Wayne Gacy Tapes [documentary]. Retrieved from https://www.netflix.com

[4] Burton, B., & Saleh, F. M. (2020, October 30). Psychopathy: Insights for General Practice. Psychiatric Times, 37(10). https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/psychopathy-insights-general-practice. 

[5] CDC. (n.d.) Behavior or Conduct Problems in Children. Center for Disease Control. https://www.cdc.gov/childrensmentalhealth/behavior.html#:~:text=Conduct%20Disorder%20(CD)%20is%20diagnosed,law%20and%20result%20in%20arrest.

[6] DeAngelis, T. (2022, March 1). A broader view of psychopathy. Monitor on Psychology, 53(2). https://www.apa.org/monitor/2022/03/ce-corner-psychopathy.

[7] Dutton, K. (2012). The Wisdom of Psychopaths: What Saints, Spies, and Serial Killers can Teach Us About Success. New York, NY: Scientific American/Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

[8] Kiehl, K.A. (n.d.). Research History. Kent A. Kiehl, Pd.D. [Internet]. https://kentkiehl.com/firsts/. 

[9] Kiehl, K. A., & Hoffman, M. B. (2011). The criminal psychopath: History, neuroscience, treatment, and economics. Jurimetrics, 51, 355–397. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4059069/#:~:text=Psychopaths%20are%20twenty%20to%20twenty,to%20most%20forms%20of%20treatment.

[10] Leistedt, S. J., & Linkowski, P. (2014). Psychopathy and the cinema: fact or fiction?. Journal of forensic sciences, 59(1), 167–174. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.12359. 

[11] PsychopathyIs. (n.d.). Facts & Figures. PsychopathyIs [Internet]. https://psychopathyis.org/stats/. 

[12] PsychopathyIs. (n.d.). What is psychopathy?. PsychopathyIs [Internet]. https://psychopathyis.org/what-is-psychopathy/. 

[13] Sanz-García, A., Gesteira, C., Sanz, J., & García-Vera, MP. (2021). Prevalence of Psychopathy in the General Adult Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(2021). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.661044. 

Pendle

[1] Castelow, Ellen. (2019, July 31). The Pendle Witches. Historic UK. Internet source. Retrieved from: https://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/The-Pendle-Witches/. 

[2] Chronicle - Medieval History Documentaries. (2022, April 16). 1612: The Disturbing Witch Trial That Shook Britain | The Pendle Witch Child | Chronicle. [Video]. Youtube. https://youtu.be/eQrva6RAkak?si=KuJhE_gTxQI0PqMx. 

[3] n.a. (n.d) The Pendle Witches. The History Press: The destination for history. Internet source. Retrieved from: https://www.thehistorypress.co.uk/articles/the-pendle-witches/. 

[4] n.a. (n.d.) Witches. Visit Pendle. Internet source. Retrieved from: https://www.visitpendle.com/witches. 

[5] Pott's Discovery of Witches in the County of Lancaster. https://publicdomainreview.org/collection/potts-s-discovery-of-witches-in-the-county-of-lancaster-1845/. 

Torsåker

[1]Gershon, L. (2022). The Easter Witches of Sweden. JSTOR Daily. https://daily.jstor.org/the-easter-witches-of-sweden/. 

[2] Hogman, H. (2021). Torsåker witch trials of 1674 - 1675 and Clergyman Hornaeus. Swedish History - Hans Högman. https://www.hhogman.se/witch-trials-sweden.htm. 

[3] Morbid A True Crime Podcast. (2023, October 16). The Torsåker Witch Trials [video] YouTube. Retrieved October 18, 2023, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pbd0wmdjDFw&t=272s.. 

[4] Tiderman-Österberg, J. (2021). The Swedish witch trials: How to confront Dark Heritage. Smithsonian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage. https://folklife.si.edu/magazine/swedish-witch-trials-dark-heritage. 

Salem

[1] Blumberg, J. (2022, October 24). A brief history of the Salem Witch Trials. Smithsonian Magazine. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/a-brief-history-of-the-salem-witch-trials-175162489/. 

[2] Greenleaf, T.C. (n.d.) The Salem Witch Trials. National Geographic Kids. https://kids.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/salem-witch-trials. 

[3] Lewis, J.J. (2021, March 11). The role of witch’s cake in Salem. ThoughCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-witchs-cake-3528206. 

[4] N.a. (n.d.). The salem village church record book: Facsimile of records kept by Rev. Samuel Parris. Danvers Archival Center at the Peabody Institute Library. https://www.danverslibrary.org/archive/village-church-record-book/#:~:text=The%20Salem%20Village%20Parish%20was,Lawson%20(1684%2D1688). 

[5] Pruitt, S. (2023, September 29). Salem Witch Trials: Whowere the main accusers?. History.com. https://www.history.com/news/salem-witch-trials-accusers. 

[6] Wallenfeldt, J. (n.d.). Salem Witch Trials. Brittanica. https://www.britannica.com/event/Salem-witch-trials. 

Real (scanned) documents from the Salem Witch Trials: https://www.congregationallibrary.org/digital-collections/salem-witch-trials.

[1] Buck, U., Naether, S., Räss, B., Jackowski, C., & Thali, M. J. (2013). Accident or homicide–virtual crime scene reconstruction using 3D methods. Forensic science international, 225(1-3), 75-84.

[2] Chisum, W. J. (2006). Crime reconstruction. In The Forensic Laboratory Handbook: Procedures and Practice (pp. 63-77). Totowa, NJ: Humana Press.

[3] Egan, N.W. (2017, January 23). Who is the real Jeffrey MacDonald? Exclusive interviews with his friends and family. People. https://people.com/crime/who-is-the-real-jeffrey-macdonald-exclusive-interviews-with-his-friends-and-family/. 

[4] Gardner, R. M., & Krouskup, D. (2018). Understanding the Nature of Physical Evidence. In Practical crime scene processing and investigation (pp. 19-48). CRC Press. 

[5] Maneli, M. A., & Isafiade, O. E. (2022). 3D forensic crime scene reconstruction involving immersive technology: A systematic literature review. IEEE Access, 10, 88821-88857.

[6] McGinniss, J. (1987). Fatal Vision. Signet Books. ISBN 978-0-451-41794-7. 

[7] N.a. (n.d.). Chronology. Just the facts on Jeffrey MacDonald case. https://www.macdonaldcasefacts.com/html/chronology.html.

[8] N.a. (n.d.). The MacDonald Family Murders. USA Today. (https://stories.usatodaynetwork.com/jeffreymacdonald/themacdonaldmurders/. 

[9] Pinsky, M. (1978, December 24). A Cranbury Father's ‘Obsession’ Links Son‐in‐Law to Murder. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1978/12/24/archives/new-jersey-weekly-a-cranbury-fathers-obsession-links-soninlaw-to.html.

[10] Realwomen/realstories. (2023, January 22). The Jeffrey MacDonald Murder Case: Crime Documentary - Did He Do It? [Video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tAUa_SNISTg&ab_channel=REALWOMEN%2FREALSTORIES. 

[11] Silvergate, H. (2013, May). Reflections on the Jeffrey MacDonald case. The Campion (May 2013): 52. https://www.nacdl.org/Article/May2013-ReflectionsontheJeffreyMacDona. 

[12] United States Attorney’s Office. (2021, September 17). Convicted murderer Jeffrey MacDonald’s appeal dismissed and consecutive life sentences remain intact. US Department of Justice. https://www.justice.gov/usao-ednc/pr/convicted-murderer-jeffrey-macdonald-s-appeal-dismissed-and-consecutive-life-sentences. 

[13] United States of America v. Jeffrey R. MacDonald. No. 15-7136. https://www.ca4.uscourts.gov/opinions/157136.P.pdf. 

[14] Woolverton, Paul. (2020, February 17). Jeffrey MacDonald case intrigues 50 years later. Star News Online. https://www.starnewsonline.com/story/news/2020/02/17/jeffrey-macdonald-case-intrigues-50-years-later/1692031007/. 

[1] ABC News. (2009, March 240. Did These Twins Commit the Perfect Crime? ABC News (Internet). Retrieved from: https://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=7159726&page=1

[2] ABC News. (2011, July 29). Twin Brothers Complicate Arizona Murder Investigation. ABC News (Internet). Retrieved from: https://abcnews.go.com/US/twins-complicate-arizona-murder-investigation/story?id=14189794

[3] Lacey, Marc. (2011, August 8). Identical Twins, One Charged in a Fatal Shooting, Create Confusion for the Police. New York Times (Internet). Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/09/us/09twins.html

[4] Lamm, Jason D. (2011, August 3). Mistaken Identity of Identical Twins in Phoenix Murder Case. Jason D. Lamm Criminal Defense Team (Internet). Retrieved from: http://www.thephoenixcriminalattorney.com/blog/2011/august/mistaken-identity-of-identical-twins-in-phoenix-/

[5] Lecture notes from FRSC 2201 taught by Dr. Brenna Frasier at Saint Mary's University.

[6] Lecture Notes from FRSC 3310 taught by Dr. Michelle Patriquin at Saint Mary's University.

[7] Ma, Kai. (2011, August 26). Seeing Double. Time (Internet). Retrieved form: https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2090549_2090540_2090539,00.html

[8] n.a. (2011, July 30). Double vision: Twin Arizona nightclub ‘killer’ may walk as prosecutors try to prove it was him… not near identical brother. DailyMail. (Internet). Retrieved from: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2020436/Arizona-nightclub-killer-walk-witnesses-question-police-got-right-twin.html

[9]  n.a. (2021, March 12). Identical twins: When police fail to pick real criminal and let both go. The Business Standard (Internet). Retrieved from: https://www.tbsnews.net/offbeat/identical-twins-when-police-fail-pick-real-criminal-and-let-both-go-215416

[10] n.a. The Fox(e) twins of Stevenage. A History of Preston in Hertfordshire (Internet). Retrieved from: https://prestonherts.co.uk/foxetwins.htm

[11]Taylor, K. (2020, June 25). The prosecutor’s fallacy. Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (CEBM), University of Oxford. https://www.cebm.ox.ac.uk/news/views/the-prosecutors-fallacy

[12]Taylor, Oliver. (2018, July 29). 10 Times Identical Twins Tried Getting Away With Crime. Listverse (Internet). Retrieved from: https://listverse.com/2018/07/29/10-times-identical-twins-tried-getting-away-with-crime/ 

[13]Zimmer, Carl. (2019, March 1). One Twin Committed the Crime — but Which One? A New DNA Test Can Finger the Culprit. The New York Times (Internet). Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/01/science/twins-dna-crime-paternity.html 

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[3] Daugherty, G. (2021). How Al Capone spent his time in Alcatraz. History.com. https://www.history.com/news/al-capone-alcatraz

[4] Encyclopedia.com. (n.d.). Kelly, Kathryn Thorne (1904-1998?). Encyclopedia.com. https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/kelly-kathryn-thorne-1904-1998

[5] FBI. (2016, May 18). George “Machine Gun” Kelly. FBI. https://www.fbi.gov/history/famous-cases/machine-gun-kelly

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[3] Patriquin, M. (2022). Sharp Force Trauma (SFT) / Cut Mark Analysis [Lecture]. Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, NS.

Part One:

[1] Chappell, B. (2023, April 12). What to know about the Lori Vallow Daybell ‘zombie’ multiple-murder trial. National Public Radio (NPR). [Internet]. Retrieved from: https://www.npr.org/2023/04/12/1169298124/lori-vallow-zombie-murder-trial

[2] Fetzer, R. (2022, July 20). Chad Daybell’s family says shallow graves of Tylee Ryan and JJ Vallow were not dug by their dad. CBS News - 48 Hours. [Internet]. Retrieved from: https://www.cbsnews.com/news/chad-daybell-graves-tylee-ryan-jj-vallow-not-dug-dad/

[3] Gualtieri, A. E. (2023, May 13). “Doomsday mom” Lori Vallow Daybell found guilty of murdering her 2 children. CBS News - 48 Hours. [Internet]. Retrieved from: https://www.cbsnews.com/news/watch-live-lori-vallow-daybell-verdict-stream-doomsday-mom-trial/ 

[4] Mannie, K. (2023, April 6). Lori Vallow trial: What to know about the ‘cult mom’ accused of killing her 2 kids. Global News. [Internet]. Retrieved from: https://globalnews.ca/news/9606953/lori-vallow-trial-cult-mom-killing-kids-jj-tylee-chad-daybell-idaho/

[5] McCarthy, L. (2023, May 12). Lori Vallow Daybell’s Journey From ‘Doomsday Mom’ to Convicted Murderer. The New York Times. [Internet]. Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/article/lori-vallow-daybell-trial.html

[6] Teurfs, K., Dunn, L. T., Narvaez, C., Singer, M. (2023, May 18). What did Lori Vallow Daybell do? A full timeline of the “doomsday mom” case up to her guilty verdict. CBS News - 48 Hours. [Internet]. Retrieved from: https://www.cbsnews.com/news/lori-vallow-chad-daybell-what-did-they-do-doomsday-mom-murders-case-timeline/ 

Part Two:

[1] Bromwich, J. E., & Marcius, C. R. (2023, June 29). N.Y.P.D. has evidence to arrest woman who said Jonathan Majors hit her. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/29/nyregion/jonathan-majors-accuser.html

[2] Carras, C. (2023a, March 26). Jonathan majors’ attorney claims woman recanted assault allegations after arrest. Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2023-03-26/jonathan-majors-arrested-released-assault-allegations-new-york

[3] Carras, C. (2023b, March 30). Jonathan majors’ attorney releases text messages allegedly sent by woman after arrest. Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2023-03-30/jonathan-majors-arrested-assault-text-messages

[4] Hammer, A. (2023, April 22). Jonathan majors claims new video proves he did not assault his girlfriend. Daily Mail Online. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-11996083/Jonathan-Majors-claims-new-video-proves-did-NOT-assault-girlfriend.html

[5] Italiano, L. (2023, June 27). Marvel’s jonathan majors files cross-complaint against his assault accuser. NYPD finds probable cause for arrest, sources say. Insider. https://www.insider.com/marvels-jonathan-majors-files-nypd-complaint-against-assault-accuser-sources-2023-6

[6] Lamont, T. (2023, February 26). “I knew it would be ok”: Jonathan majors on his remarkable rise from troubled teen to Hollywood A-lister. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2023/feb/26/jonathan-majors-interview-ant-man-and-the-wasp-quantumania-creed-3#:~:text=His%20father%2C%20Winfred%2C%20a%20quieter,to%20Texas%2C%20his%20parents%20separated.

[7] Press, T. A. (2023, March 27). Jonathan majors arrested on assault charge in New York. AP News. https://apnews.com/article/jonathan-majors-arrested-3ccf23bb407f5e6d2441ccc536b254f2

[8]  Rubin, R. (2023, March 30). Jonathan majors’ lawyer releases text messages he claims show woman taking blame for fight. Variety. https://variety.com/2023/film/news/jonathan-majors-text-messages-assault-arrest-1235568826/

[9] Sgueglia, K. (2023, March 30). Jonathan majors’ attorney provides purported texts from woman in alleged assault. CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2023/03/30/entertainment/jonathan-majors-text-evidence/index.html

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[10] Lambert, L. (2016). Terry Nichols. Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Terry-Nichols 

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[1] Asp, D. (2022). Espionage Act of 1917 (1917). The First Amendment Encyclopedia. Retrieved from: https://www.mtsu.edu/first-amendment/article/1045/espionage-act-of-1917

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[1] Dimuro, G. (2022). Spy, Murder Victim, Or Something Else? Inside The Decades-Long Mystery of the Isdal Woman. ATI. [Internet]. Retrieved from: https://allthatsinteresting.com/isdal-woman

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Inquiry Link: The Victoria Climbié Inquiry (publishing.service.gov.uk) 

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[1] 5 characteristics of a narcissist. Best Counseling Degrees. (2022, November 30). Retrieved December 27, 2022, from https://www.bestcounselingdegrees.net/resources/characteristics-of-narcissists/ 

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[5] Bushman, Brad. (2017). Narcissism, Fame Seeking, and Mass Shootings. American Behavioral Scientist. 62. 000276421773966. 10.1177/0002764217739660

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[1] FBI. (2019, October 06). FBI Seeking Assistance Connecting Victims to Samuel Little’s Confessions. FBI. https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/samuel-little-most-prolific-serial-killer-in-us-history-100619. 

[2] Abdollah, T. (2013, April 07). More cases connected to L.A. serial killer suspect. Star Advertiser.  https://www.staradvertiser.com/2013/04/07/breaking-news/more-cases-connected-to-l-a-serial-killer-suspect/. 

[3] Beeman, A. (2021, April 15). Here's what we know about serial killer Samuel Little's childhood. Grunge. https://www.grunge.com/383411/heres-what-we-know-about-serial-killer-sam-littles-childhood/. 

[4] Beeman, A. (2022, September 21). Mary Brosley Was Samuel Little’s First Murder Victim. Heavy. https://heavy.com/entertainment/2020/08/mary-brosley-samuel-littles-first-victim/. 

[5] Brogle, C. (2020, April 12). What Murder Did Serial Killer Sam Little Go To Trial For, Years Before Finally Facing Justice?. Oxygen True Crime. https://www.oxygen.com/catching-a-serial-killer-sam-little/crime-news/sam-little-case-acquitted-patricia-mount. 

[6]Diaz, J. (2020). Samuel Little, The Nation’s Most Prolific Serial Killer, Dies At 80. National Public Radio. Retrieved from: https://www.npr.org/2020/12/31/951918219/samuel-little-the-nations-most-prolific-serial-killer-dies-at-80

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[1] A&;E Television Networks. (2009, November 13). A cult leader kills one of his followers. History.com. Retrieved from https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/a-cult-leader-kills-one-of-his-followers

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[12] Roos, R. (2020, May 20). The ant hill kids: Break your legs with a sledgehammer or go to Hell - CVLT Nation. CVLT Nation - The Home of Underground Culture. Retrieved from https://cvltnation.com/ant-hill-kids-break-legs-sledgehammer-go-hell/

[13] Vandonk, T. (Sept 10, 2020). BEHIND THE CRIMES: Murder, mutilation, abuse part of life at Ant Hill Kids commune. Toronto.com. Retrieved from https://www.toronto.com/news/crime/behind-the-crimes-murder-mutilation-abuse-part-of-life-at-ant-hill-kids-commune/article_1a9021c1-c994-5323-964b-7d73c4763744.html

[1]  n.a. (n.d.). Case Study III – Salmonellosis in Oregon. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/phlp/docs/fe14.pdf. 

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NWAC (Native Women's Association of Canada) Elder Support Line | Canada-Wide

Available Monday-Friday 9AM-11AM EST & 1PM-3PM EST

Call 888-664-7808

First Nations, Métis & Inuit Hope for Wellness Help Line | Canada-Wide

If you’re experiencing emotional distress and want to talk, call the First Nations, Métis & Inuit Hope for Wellness Help Line: 1-855-242-3310. Available 24/7, Canada-wide. 

Network for Aboriginal Mental Health Research – Mental Health Programs for Aboriginal People in Canada | Canada-Wide

Shkaabe Makwa | Ontario

For more information about the program, please contact us at shkaabemakwa@camh.ca

Urban Native Youth Association: Native Youth Health & Wellness Centre | Vancouver, British Columbia

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The Nunavut Kamatsiaqtut Help Line | Nunavut

Available in Inuktitut and English, 24/7. Call 867-979-3333 or toll-free 1-800-265-3333.

Hope for Wellness Helpline | Nunavut

Available in all Nunavut languages, 24/7. Call toll-free 1-855-242-3310.

[1] Carlton, G. (2022, April 27). The dark history of Canada's 'Starlight tours' that saw police leave indigenous people to freeze to death. All That's Interesting. Retrieved September 22, 2022, from https://allthatsinteresting.com/starlight-tours

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[10] Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. (2020, November 7). Radiation sickness. Mayo Clinic. Retrieved August 18, 2022, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/radiation-sickness/symptoms-causes/syc-20377058

[11] Miller, C. W., Whitcomb, R. C., Ansari, A., McCurley, C., Nemhauser, J. B., & Jones, R. (2012). SPECIAL REPORT: Murder by Radiation Poisoning: Implications for Public Health. Journal of environmental health, 74(10), 8-13.

[12] Owen, R. The Litvinenko Inquiry. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/493860/The-Litvinenko-Inquiry-H-C-695-web.pdf. 

[13] Sencen, L. (2015, July 21). Radiation sickness. NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders). Retrieved August 18, 2022, from https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/radiation-sickness/

[14] Staunton, D. (2016, January 21). The life and death of Alexander Litvinenko. The Irish Times. https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/uk/the-life-and-death-of-alexander-litvinenko-1.2506037.

[15] Simkin, J. (2013, May). Alexander Woollcott. Spartacus Educational. Retrieved from https://spartacus-educational.com/MDlitvinenko.htm 

[16] US EPA. (2022, June). Radiation Basics. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved August 18, 2022, from https://www.epa.gov/radiation/radiation-basics

[17] Weiss, J. F., & Landauer, M. R. (2009). History and development of radiation-protective agents. International journal of radiation biology, 85(7), 539-573.

[1] Burrow, J. G. (2016). The use of the Podotrack in forensic podiatry for collection and analysis of bare footprints using the Reel method of measurement. Science & Justice, 56(3), 216-222.

[2] Krishan, K., Kanchan, T., & DiMaggio, J. A. (2015). Emergence of forensic podiatry—a novel sub-discipline of forensic sciences. Forensic science international, 255, 16-27.

[3] Mukhra, R., Krishan, K., & Kanchan, T. (2018). Bare footprint metric analysis methods for comparison and identification in forensic examinations: A review of literature. Journal of forensic and legal medicine, 58, 101-112.

[4] n.a. (n.d.). Ray Krone. Innocence Project. Retrieved from: https://innocenceproject.org/cases/ray-krone/

[5] n.a. (2012). Ray Krone. The National Registry of Exonerations. Retrieved from: https://www.law.umich.edu/special/exoneration/Pages/casedetail.aspx?caseid=3365

[6] n.a. (n.d.), Ray Krone. Witness to Innocence. Retrieved from: https://www.witnesstoinnocence.org/single-post/ray-krone

[7] Nirenberg, M. (2016). Meeting a forensic podiatry admissibility challenge: a Daubert case study. Journal of forensic sciences, 61(3), 833-841

[8] Pal, S. (2017, May 22). From prints to prison: Forensic podiatry and Gait Analysis Gain Ground: Lower Extremity Review Magazine. Lower Extremity Review Magazine | Rehabilitation • Trauma • Diabetes • Biomechanics • Sports Medicine. Retrieved from https://lermagazine.com/cover_story/from-prints-to-prison-forensic-podiatry-and-gait-analysis-gain-ground

[9] Sherrer, H, (2003, March). Twice Wrongly Convicted of Murder- Ray Krone Is Set Free After 10 Years. Justice Denied Magazine, 2(9). http://forejustice.org/wc/ray_krone_JD_vol2_i9.htm

[10] Vernon, W. (2006). The development and practice of forensic podiatry. Journal of clinical forensic medicine, 13(6-8), 284-287.

[1] Carlo, P. (2006). The Night Stalker: The Life and Crimes of Richard Ramirez. Pinnacle Books.

[2] Holmes, R.M. (2001). Criminal stalking: An analysis of the various of the various tyologies of stalkers. In J.A. Davis (Ed.), Stalking crimes and victim protection: prevention, intervention, threat assessment, and case management (pp. 12-29). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

[3] Mullen, P.E. (2000). Erotomania (pathologies of love) and stalking. In F. Flack (Ed), The Hatherleigh guide to psychiatric disorders, part II (pp. 145-163). Long Island City, NY: Hatherleigh Company. 

[4]Mullen P.E., Pathe, M., & Purcell, R. (2001). The management of stalkers. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 7(5), 335-342. doi: 10,1192/apt.7.5.335.

[5] Rosewood J, Lo R. The Big Book of Serial Killers. Bolton (ON): LAK Publishing; 2017. 289-292.

[6] Russel, T., Holzman, E., Saidman, A., & Walsh, T. (Producers). (2021). Night Stalker: The Hunt For A Serial Killer. [TV series]. Netflix.

[7] Sheridan, L.P., & Boom, J. (2002). Stalker typologies: Implications for law enforcement. In J. Boon & L. Sheridan (Eds.), Stalking and psychosexual obsession: Psychological perspectives for prevention, policing and treatment (pp. 63-82). Chichester, UK: Wiley.

[8] Watt, M. C. (2014). ”Every Move You Make, Every Step You Take, I’ll Be Watching You”: Stalking. In Explorations in Forensic Psychology: Cases in Criminal and Abnormal Behaviour (pp. 111-141). [VitalSource Bookshelf 10.0.2].  Retrieved from vbk://978017672814.

[9] Zona, M.A., Sharma, K.K., & Lane, J.C. (1993). A comparative study of erotomanic and obsessional subjects in a forensic sample. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 38(4), 894-903. 

[10] Zona, M.A., Palarea, R.E., & Lane J.C. (1998). Psychiatric diagnosis and the offender-victim typology of stalking. In J. R. Meloy (Ed.), The Psychology of stalking: Clinical and forensic perspectives (pp. 69-84). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. 

[1] Best, J. (2016, June 6). Stalking. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/stalking-crime

[2] Criminal Code, R.S.C., 1985, c. C-46.

[3] Dawn Canada. Crisis Hotlines. https://www.dawncanada.net/issues/crisis-hotlines/

[4] Government of Canada (2021, December 08). Stalking is a crime called criminal harassment. https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/cj-jp/fv-vf/stalk-harc/har.html. 

[5] Government of Canada. (2009, April 09). Criminal Harassment: Stalking. https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/health-promotion/stop-family-violence/publications/criminal-harassment-stalking.html. 

[6] Gregson, C.B. (1998, January). California’s Antistalking Statute: The Pivotal Role of intent. Golden State University Law Review, 28(2): 221-263. https://digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1726&context=ggulrev

[7] R. v. Mills, [1999] 3 S.C.R. 668. 

[8] Spitzberg, B. H., & Cupach, W. R. (2007). The state of the art of stalking: Taking stock on the emerging literature. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 12, 64–86. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2006.05.001. 

[9] Statistics Canada. (2020). Table 1: Police-reported crime for selected offences, Canada, 2019 and 2020. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/85-002-x/2021001/article/00013/tbl/tbl01-eng.htm. 

[10] The National Association of Women and the Law (NAWL). (1993, June 01). Submission to the Legislative Committee on Bill C-126, An Act to Amend the Criminal Code and the Young Offenders Act. https://nawl.ca/submission-to-the-legislative-committee-on-bill-c-126-an-act-to-amend-the-criminal-code-and-the-young-offenders-act/. 

[11] Watt, M. C. (2014). ”Every Move You Make, Every Step You Take, I’ll Be Watching You”: Stalking. In Explorations in Forensic Psychology: Cases in Criminal and Abnormal Behaviour (pp. 111-141). [VitalSource Bookshelf 10.0.2].  Retrieved from vbk://978017672814.

[12] Way, R.C. (1994). The Criminalization of Stalking: An Exercise in Media Manipulation and Political Opportuuism. McGill Law Journal, 39(379): 379-400. https://lawjournal.mcgill.ca/wp-content/uploads/pdf/517767-39.2.Way.pdf. 

HOTLINES: 

• For the US: call 1-800-799-SAFE (7233) or text “START” to 88788. There is also information available at thehotline.org

• For Canadian residents, it’s advised to call 9-1-1

  • But, https://www.dawncanada.net/issues/crisis-hotlines/ has several provincial based numbers as well

• If you aren't in a position to contact these lines, our inbox is always open and we can discreetly help in any way that we can 

[1] Byers S. Introduction to Forensic Anthropology. 1st ed. Boston (MA): Allyn & Bacon; 2002.

[2] CBC Radio. (2019). Canada’s 1st forensics body farm is coming this summer. CBC. https://www.cbc.ca/radio/asithappens/as-it-happens-tuesday-edition-1.5143405/canada-s-1st-forensics-body-farm-is-coming-this-summer-1.5143412

[3] Colburn C. Forensic Taphonomy. Presented at: Winona State University. Winona, MN. 

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[5] Ebersole, R. (2019). Down on the Body Farm: Unlocking the Forensic Secrets of Decaying Corpses. Undark. https://undark.org/2019/11/11/how-microbes-could-aid-forensic-detectives/

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[8] Ruiz G. Enter The Disturbing World Of Body Farms. ATI. [Internet]. June 15, 2018 [March 12 2020]. Available from: https://allthatsinteresting.com/body-farms

[9] Shields, B. (2021). Some of death’s mysteries explored at Canada’s only ‘body farm’. CTV News. https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/some-of-death-s-mysteries-explored-at-canada-s-only-body-farm-1.5251672

[10] Shirley NR, Wilson RJ, Jantz LM. Cadaver use at the University of Tennessee’s anthropological research facility. Clin Anat. 2011; 24(3): 372-380

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[12] https://www.utdailybeacon.com/campus_news/science_and_medicine/body-farm-identity-crisis-solved-after-30-years/article_ec8e487c-bc28-11e8-8be7-4bdc4ddb29b9.html

[13] http://themurdersquad.com/episodes/the-redhead-murders/

[14] https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1891&dat=19850425&id=brgfAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rNcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1432,4859376

[15] https://newschannel9.com/news/local/tbi-identifies-suspect-in-1985-redhead-murders-case-as-cleveland-tenn-man

[16] https://peoplepill.com/people/redhead-murders

[17] https://www.insider.com/us-cold-cases-true-crime-2018-4#tennessee-the-redhead-murders-of-red-haired-women-occurred-in-tennessee-as-well-as-four-other-states-over-three-decades-42

[18] https://allthatsinteresting.com/redhead-murders

[19] insidehook.com/article/crime/cold-case-redhead-murders

[20] https://forensicyard.com/the-mysterious-redhead-murders-serial-killing-or-mere-coincidence/

[21] https://unidentified-awareness.fandom.com/wiki/Espy_Black-Pilgrim

[22] https://www.knoxnews.com/story/news/crime/2019/12/19/suspect-named-redhead-murders-campbell-county-cold-case/2697031001/

[23] https://www.doenetwork.org/

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[1] A&E Television Networks. (2009, November 13). The St. Valentine's Day Massacre. History.com [Internet]. https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-st-valentines-day-massacre  

[2] Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2022, January 21). Al Capone. Encyclopedia Britannica [Internet]. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Al-Capone 

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[4] Crumbly DL., & Apostolou N. (2018). America’s First (and Most Fearless) High-profile Forensic Accountant [Internet]. http://abfa.us/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Americas-First-2.5.18-site.pdf. 

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[1] Anderson, G. (2000). Minimum and maximum development rates of some forensically important Calliphoridae (Diptera). Journal of Forensic Sciences, 45, 824 - 832.

[2] Anderson, G. (2016, June 15). Entomology - A Primer. Canadian Society of Forensic Science. Retrieved from: https://www.csfs.ca/entomology/

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[1] Anderson, J. & Brown, M. December 24, 2021. Unabomber Ted Kaczynski transferred from Supermax prison to a medical facility. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved from: https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2021-12-24/unabomber-ted-kaczynski-moved-prison-medical-facility

[2] Agrawal, S. (2021, September 27). The unabomber case: Foundation of Forensic linguistics. The Critegal. Retrieved March 5, 2022, from https://www.thecritegal.com/post/the-unabomber-case-foundation-of-forensic-linguistics#:~:text=It%20was%20forensic%20linguistics%20that,leaving%20no%20DNA%20evidence%20whatsoever 

[3] Ariani, M. G., Sajedi, F., & Sajedi, M. (2014). Forensic linguistics: A brief overview of the key elements. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 158, 222-225.

[4] Bailey, Holly. January 28, 2016. The Unabomber takes on the Internet. Yahoo!News. Retrieved from: https://news.yahoo.com/the-unabomber-takes-on-the-internet-201549030.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAKNW4sbQIRtD37qhHkfekZTFq1nDNENhJScoQl8nDOJ8ANP_v6ltYNvntH4VFbk4vkb3zQb9TKdYX_9gtKDCkkDMyt5P84HrAw3KrnCWy6D9MMFVmnES5fOaIWxDtyAd-tjVxYzsFGuDSPia0rPkAKdai0xoa10sWdSNVGApvNmF

[5] Chase, Alston. June 2000. Harvard and the Making of the Unabomber. The Atlantic. Retrieved from: https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2000/06/harvard-and-the-making-of-the-unabomber/378239/

[6] Correa, Maite. (2013). Forensic Linguistics: An Overview of the Intersection and Interaction of Language and Law. Studies About Languages. 10.5755/j01.sal.0.23.5020.  

[7] Deutsch, Linda. May 4, 1998. Kaczynski Given Four Life Sentences. Associated Press. Retrieved from: https://apnews.com/article/89549b9e814bea3778f5b2e9fe303906

[8] Drake, Phil. April 2, 2021. Unabomber Ted Kaczynski now held in ‘Alcatraz of the Rockies’. Independent Record. Retrieved from: https://helenair.com/news/local/unabomber-ted-kaczynski-now-held-in-alcatraz-of-the-rockies/article_6d99cab5-51ce-5655-ab9c-3c14f4a08c78.html

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[1] Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2022, January 31). Charles Lindbergh. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-Lindbergh

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[1] AAFS. (n.d.). Odontology. American Academy of Forensic Sciences. Retrieved from: https://aafs.org/Home/Resources/Students/Sections/Odontology.aspx

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[1] BBC News. (2012, March 6). Russian 'grave robber made dolls from girls' corpses'. BBC News. Retrieved from: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-15653074

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[3] DeLong, W. (2019, February 11). Anatoly Moskvin's Parents Thought He Collected Vintage Dolls - They Were Really Young Mummified Girls. All That's Interesting. Retrieved from: https://allthatsinteresting.com/anatoly-moskvin

[4] Egyptian mummies. Smithsonian Institution. (n.d.). Retrieved October 7, 2021, from https://www.si.edu/spotlight/ancient-egypt/mummies.

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• Interview with Vladimir Stravinskas, translated from Russian - may not be a perfect translation. 

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• Translated from Russian - may not be a perfect translation. 

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[12] The case of necropolis Moskvin postponed until June 26. (2015, June 18). Crime Chronical NN. Retrieved from: http://kriminalnn.ru/2015/06/18/delo-nekropolista-moskvina-otlozheno-do-26-iyunya/

• Translated from Russian - may not be a perfect translation 

[13] Welcome to the story about Tollund Man. Museum Silkeborg. (n.d.). Retrieved October 7, 2021, from https://www.museumsilkeborg.dk/welcome-to-the-story-about-tollund-man.

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[1] Badal, J. (2016, December 2). Torso murders. Cleveland Police Museum. https://www.clevelandpolicemuseum.org/collections/torso-murders/. 

[2] Bennett, E. (29 May 2021). The notorious and eerie unsolved mystery of killer dubbed 'Jack the Stripper'. My London [internet]. Retrieved from https://www.mylondon.news/news/nostalgia/notorious-eerie-unsolved-mystery-killer-20661893?utm_source=linkCopy&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=sharebar (Accessed 05 Sep 2021). 

[3] Boyle, C. (n.d.) Long Island Serial Killer: A Deeper Look Into the Gilgo Beach Murders. LongIsland.com. Retrieved from: https://www.longisland.com/long-island-serial-killer.html

[4] Cheng, P., & Millman, J. (Jan. 16, 2020). Eerie Crime Scene Photo Offers 1st Public Insight Into Possible Gilgo Beach Killer. NBC New York. Retrieved from: https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/police-to-release-new-details-in-2010-death-of-sex-worker-on-long-island-beach/2260585/

[5] Crime Investigation. (n.d.). Jack the Stripper’ and the Hammersmith Murders. Crime Investigation [internet]. Retrieved from https://www.crimeandinvestigation.co.uk/article/jack-the-stripper-and-the-hammersmith-murders (Accessed 05 Sep 2021). 

[6] DeMarco, L. (2018, October 13). Cleveland's infamous Torso Murders: 80 years later, the fascination endures (vintage photos). cleveland. https://www.cleveland.com/life-and-culture/erry-2018/10/55d2b5ea596983/clevelands-infamous-torso-murd.html.

[7] Fernandez, M., Tim, S. (Apr. 17, 2011). Officer and His Dog Play Key Role in Hunt for Remains. New York Times. Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/18/nyregion/in-long-island-hunt-for-bodies-key-role-for-officer-and-dog.html

[8] Green, L. (Sept. 12, 2017). Long Island carpenter convicted of killing two prostitutes eyed in at least one of the unsolved Gilgo Beach murders. New York Daily News. Retrieved from: https://www.nydailynews.com/news/crime/convicted-killer-tied-gilgo-beach-murders-article-1.3490281

[9] Hewitt, L. (n.d.) Jack the Stripper: Hammersmith Nude Murders. Historic Mysteries [internet]. Retrieved from https://www.historicmysteries.com/jack-the-stripper/ (Accessed 05 Sep 2021). 

[10] Killoran, E. (Dec. 15, 2016). Why Hasn’t the Long Island Serial Killer Case Been Solved? Rolling Stone. Retrieved from: https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/why-hasnt-the-long-island-serial-killer-case-been-solved-119604/

[11] Mead, J. C. (Dec. 14, 2003). 4 Bodies Leave Hamlet On Edge. The New York Times. Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/2003/12/14/nyregion/4-bodies-leave-hamlet-on-edge.html

[12] Mead, Julia C. (Feb. 8, 2004). A Manorville Body Is Identified. The New York Times. Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/08/nyregion/in-brief-a-manorville-body-is-identified.html

[13] Moriarty, E. (Dec. 13, 2020). INSIDE THE MIND OF A MURDERER: NEW CLUES IN THE HUNT FOR THE LONG ISLAND SERIAL KILLER. CBS News. Retrieved from: https://www.cbsnews.com/news/long-island-serial-killer-clues-48-hours/

[14] Pelisek, C. (Nov. 7, 2016). Long Island Serial Killer: How Close Are Police to Catching the Suspect — or Suspects? PEOPLE.com. Retrieved from: https://people.com/crime/long-island-serial-killer-update-police-fbi-investigation/

[15] Pelisek, C. (Mar. 1, 2021). New discovery+ series tackles decade-old long island serial murders. PEOPLE.com. Retrieved from: https://people.com/crime/long-island-serial-murders-discovery-id-series/

[16] Rashbaum, W. K., Goldstein, J. (Apr. 8, 2011). Prostitutes' killer seen as versed in police techniques. The New York Times. Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/09/nyregion/09bodies.html

[17] Schram, J., Algar, S., & Tacopino, J. (Dec. 12, 2015). Busted ex-police chief blocked FBI probe of Gilgo Beach murders. New York Post. Retrieved from: https://nypost.com/2015/12/12/busted-ex-police-chief-blocked-fbi-probe-of-gilgo-beach-murders/

[18] Swenson, K. (2021, January 7). Frank Dolezal's name cleared in Torso Murders. Cleveland Scene. https://www.clevescene.com/scene-and-heard/archives/2010/08/23/frank-dolezals-name-cleared-in-torso-murders.

[19] The Killing Season. A&E Network. November 5, 2016. Josh Zeman and Rachel Mills.