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[1] MISSING: RYAN SHTUKA. https://ryanshtuka.com/.

[2] Walton, R. (Director). (2018). Peaks and Valleys: The Search for Ryan Shtuka [Video Documentary]. https://www.storyhive.com/projects/3927#project_video. 

[3] Strong, J. (2018, February 20). Third day of search for Ryan Shtuka by family, friends and RCMP. Sun Peaks Independent News. https://sunpeaksnews.com/28916-2/. 

[4] Dickson, C. (2018, February 22). 'It's hard every day': Search continues at Sun Peaks for missing 20-year-old man. CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/ryan-shtuka-search-1.4547029. 

[5] Cronin, T. (2018, February 19). Search for missing man at Sun Peaks enters third day. CFJC Today. https://cfjctoday.com/2018/02/20/search-for-missing-man-at-sun-peaks-enters-third-day/. 

[6] A Run For Ryan. Sun Peaks Resort. https://www.sunpeaksresort.com/events-things-to-do/events/a-run-for-ryan. 

[7] Black Press Media Staff. (2018, June 08). A pause in the search for Ryan Shtuka. Salmon Arm Observer. https://www.saobserver.net/news/a-pause-in-the-search-for-ryan-shtuka-3683588. 

[8] Black Press Media Staff. (2018, November 02). One last search for missing Kamloops man before snow falls. Salmon Arm Observer. https://www.terracestandard.com/news/one-last-search-for-missing-kamloops-man-before-snow-falls-6032046.

[9] Joyce, S. & Dickson, C. (2018, November 17). The weight of silence: Ryan Shtuka's disappearance continues to haunt B.C. ski resort. CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/weight-of-silence-ryan-shtuka-missing-sun-peaks-1.4897550. 

[10] Chisholm, S. (2023, February 17). Five years after Ryan Shtuka’s disappearance, his family finds comfort and connection at Sun Peaks. CFJC Today. https://cfjctoday.com/2023/02/17/five-years-after-ryan-shtukas-disappearance-his-family-finds-comfort-and-connection-at-sun-peaks/. 

[1] workin on it! 

Superlab Drug Bust:

[1] Kurjata, A. (November 1, 2024). RCMP say they have busted 'the largest, most sophisticated drug superlab in Canada'. Radio Canada. (Web). Retrieved from: https://ici.radio-canada.ca/rci/en/news/2116841/rcmp-say-they-have-busted-the-largest-most-sophisticated-drug-superlab-in-canada

[2]  B.C., Federal Policing. (October 31, 2024). Federal Investigators take down the largest, most sophisticated drug superlab in Canada. (Web). Retrieved from: https://bc-cb.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/ViewPage.action?siteNodeId=2087&languageId=1&contentId=85957

[1] Our listeners

[2] Colombo, J. R. (2008). The Big Book of Canadian Ghost Stories. Dundurn Press. 

[1] History.com Editors. (2017). Murder castle ‑ H.H. Holmes, Chicago World’s Fair & Layout. History.com. https://www.history.com/topics/crime/murder-castle 

[2] Holdship, D. (2022, July 20). A double dose of the macabre. Michigan Today. https://michigantoday.umich.edu/2013/10/22/a-double-dose-of-the-macabre/ 

[3] Larson, E. (2013). The devil in the White City: murder, magic and madness at the fair that changed America.

[4] Little, B. (2020). Did serial killer H.H. Holmes really build a “murder castle”? History.com. https://www.history.com/news/murder-castle-h-h-holmes-chicago 

[5] N/A. (2024a). H.H. Holmes: Biography, serial killer, murderer. Biography. https://www.biography.com/crime/hh-holmes 

[6] N/A. (2024b, October 5). H. H. Holmes. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._H._Holmes 

[7] N/A. (n.d.). Myrta Belknap holmes (1862-1924) - find a grave... Find a Grave. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/133906380/myrta-holmes 

[8] Solly, M. (2021, May 7). The enduring mystery of H.H. holmes, America’s “first” serial killer. Smithsonian.com. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/enduring-mystery-hh-holmes-americas-first-serial-killer-180977646/ 

[1] Berezowski, V., Moffat, I., Shendryk, Y., MacGregor, D., Ellis, J., & Mallett, X. (2022). A multidisciplinary approach to locating clandestine gravesites in cold cases: Combining geographic profiling, LiDAR, and near surface geophysics. Forensic Science International: Synergy, 5, 100281.

[2] Canadian Geographic. (2018, June 15). History of residential schools. Indigenous Peoples Atlas of Canada. https://indigenouspeoplesatlasofcanada.ca/article/history-of-residential-schools/ 

[3] Carina Xue Luo. (2024, February 24). Missing children of indian residential schools. ArcGIS StoryMaps. https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/cfe29bee35c54a70b9621349f19a3db2 

[4] Carleton, S., & Gerbrandt, R. (2024, August 30). We fact-checked residential school denialists and debunked their “mass grave hoax” theory. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/we-fact-checked-residential-school-denialists-and-debunked-their-mass-grave-hoax-theory-213435 

[5] Honderich, H. (2021). Why Canada is mourning the deaths of hundreds of children. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-57325653.amp 

[6] Humphreys, R., Cecco, L., Yusuf, C., Kacoutié, A., Bland, A., & Maynard, P. (2021, July 9). The indigenous children who died at Canada’s residential schools – podcast. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/news/audio/2021/jul/09/indigenous-children-who-died-canada-residential-schools-podcast 

[7] N/A. (2012, October 1). What is Lidar. NOAA’s National Ocean Service. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/lidar.html#:~:text=Lidar%20%E2%80%94%20Light%20Detection%20and%20Ranging,the%20surface%20of%20the%20Earth. 

[8] N/A. (2021, October 26). Residential School History. NCTR. https://nctr.ca/education/teaching-resources/residential-school-history/ 

[9] N/A. (n.d.). GPR guidance for geophysical surveys of unmarked graves. Indigenous/Science. https://indigenousscience.ubc.ca/ground-penetrating-radar-gpr-partnership-between-musqueam-and-ubc/gpr-guidance-geophysical-surveys 

[10] Radio-Canada.ca. (2021). Tk’emLúps Te Secwépemc release final report on unmarked graves at former Kamloops Residential School: RCI. Radio. https://ici.radio-canada.ca/rci/en/news/1809374/tkemlups-te-secwepemc-release-final-report-on-unmarked-graves-at-former-kamloops-residential-school 

[11] Schultz, J. J., Grasmueck, M., Weger, R., Muztaza, N. M., Saidin, M. M., Azwin, I. N., ... & Leucci, G. (2012). Detecting buried remains using ground-penetrating radar. J Archaeol Sci, 36, 235.

[1] Noah Presgroves Autopsy Report: https://kfor.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2024/05/full-presgrove-ME-report_Redacted.pdf 

[2] Buchman, C. (2024, June 25). Man who found Noah Presgrove talks finding Oklahoma Teen’s body. NewsNation. https://www.newsnationnow.com/us-news/midwest/man-found-noah-presgrove-speaks-out/ 

[3] Donate to Noah Presgrove, organized by Madison Rawlings. gofundme.com. (n.d.). https://www.gofundme.com/f/noah-presgrove 

[4] Elise, A. (Host). (2024, July 8). Teen House Party Turned Nightmare: The Very Suspicious Death of Noah Presgrove (173) [Audio podcast episode]. In Serialously. Deepcast. https://deepcast.fm/episode/173-teen-house-party-turned-nightmare-the-very-suspicious-death-of-noah-presgrove

[5] Equation56. (2024). R/unresolvedmysteries on reddit: The very suspicious death of noah presgrove (Comanche, Oklahoma). Reddit. https://www.reddit.com/r/UnresolvedMysteries/comments/1csquw1/the_very_suspicious_death_of_noah_presgrove/ 

[6] Fuller, D. (2024, August 22). A Noah Presgrove case timeline: Everything we know so far. https://www.kswo.com. https://www.kswo.com/2024/08/22/noah-presgrove-case-timeline-everything-we-know-so-far/ 

[7] Rose, J. A. (2023, September 12). Osbi confirms the body found along hwy 81 was Noah Presgrove. https://www.kswo.com. https://www.kswo.com/2023/09/12/osbi-confirms-body-found-along-hwy-81-was-noah-presgrove/ 

[8] White, N. (2024, May 26). Exclusivewhat Friends of oklahoma teen Noah Presgrove say happened in the hours before he was mysteriously found dead on a highway. Daily Mail Online. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-13400809/What-friends-Oklahoma-teen-Noah-Presgrove-say-happened-hours-mysteriously-dead-highway.html 

[1] Asma-Sadeque, S. (2024, June 22). Inside the Terror that Gripped New York City During ‘Son of Sam’ Killings: Read PEOPLE’s 1977 Cover Story. People Magazine. (Internet). Retrieved from: https://people.com/son-of-sam-stalks-new-york-read-people-cover-story-8666846  

[2] Bonn, S. A. (2023, October 30). The Rise of the Son of Sam. A glimpse inside the evolution of a serial killer. Psychology Today. (Internet). Retrieved from: https://psychologytoday.com/ca/blog/wicked-deeds/202310/the-rise-of-the-son-of-sam 

[3] Brooks, T. J. (2024). The Devil Is in The Details: An Analysis of the Satanic Panic.

[4] Collins, L. (2024, January 11). The strange origins of the satanic panic: How one canadian book started a worldwide Witch Hunt | CBC arts. CBCnews. https://www.cbc.ca/arts/satan-wants-you-filmmakers-q-a-sean-horlor-steve-j-adams-1.6822213  

[5] Douglas, J., & Olshaker, M. (1995). The Heart of Darkness. In Mindhunter (pp. 146 - 152). Gallery Books. 

[6] Hughes, S. (2017). American monsters: Tabloid media and the satanic panic, 1970–2000. Journal of American Studies, 51(3), 691-719.

[7] Johnson, R. C. (1994). Parallels between recollections of repressed childhood sex abuse, kidnappings by Space Aliens, and the Salem witch hunts. IPT Journal. http://www.ipt-forensics.com/journal/volume6/j6_1_4.htm 

[8] N.a. (2024, May 28). “Son of Sam” serial killer David Berkowitz denied parole after 12th board appearance. CBS News. (Internet). Retrieved from: https://www.cbsnews.com/news/son-of-sam-denied-parole-serial-killer-david-berkowitz/ 

[9] New York State. (n.d.) Parole Board Interview Calendar. Department of Corrections and Community Supervision. (Internet). Retrieved from: https://publicapps.doccs.ny.gov/ParoleBoardCalendar/default?name=B&month=05&year=2024 

[10] Pursell, A. (2019). Pizzagate 1.0: The Satanic Ritual Abuse Panic of the 1980s.

[11] Rosewood, J., & Lo, R. (2017). David Berkowitz. In The Big Book of Serial Killers (pp. 17–20). LAK Publishing. 

[12] Satan Wants You. (2022). CBC Gem. Retrieved 2024, from https://gem.cbc.ca/satan-wants-you.  

[13] Storyteller Ministries. (2016). David Berkowitz: In His Own Words Part 4 of 9. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LMF-06Fj8yg&t=3s 

[14] The Official Website of the David Berkowitz (former Son of Sam) Story. Retrieved from: https://www.ariseandshine.org/ 

[15] Yuhas, A. (2021, March 31). It’s time to revisit the satanic panic. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/31/us/satanic-panic.html?searchResultPosition=3 

[1] Abbott, G. (n.d.). Rack. Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/technology/rack-torture-instrument   

[2] Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2024, March 27). drawing and quartering. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from: https://www.britannica.com/topic/drawing-and-quartering 

[3] Brown, J. (2023, April 16). A Brief History of Hanging, Drawing, and Quartering. History Defined. Retrieved from: https://www.historydefined.net/hanging-drawing-and-quartering/  

[4] Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/218593079/william-collingbourne), memorial page for William Collingbourne (1435–Dec 1484), Find a Grave Memorial ID 218593079, citing Austin Friars Churchyard, Broad Street, City of London, Greater London, England; Maintained by Plantagenet Crown Dynasty (contributor 49922906).

[5] Giacomazzo, B. (2022, August 25). The sickening history of the rack, the medieval torture device that stretched your limbs until they dislocated. All That’s Interesting. https://allthatsinteresting.com/rack-torture  

[6] Howard, K. (2024, August 11). Lingchi, The Chinese Execution Method Reserved For The Most Vicious Criminals. All That’s Interesting. https://allthatsinteresting.com/lingchi.  

[7] Jones, M. (2007-2008). Mutilating the Body: Punishing High Treason in England, 1534 to 1690. Historical Discourses: The McGill Undergraduate Journal of History, 22, 78 - 87. https://www.mcgill.ca/history/files/history/historicaldiscourses2008_0.pdf#page=82

[8] Little, B. (2023). 7 famous torture devices, real and mythical. History.com. https://www.history.com/news/7-famous-torture-devices-medieval-iron 

[9] Mortimer, I. (2010, March 30). Why do we say ‘hanged, drawn, and quartered?’ [PDF Essay]. Retrieved from: https://www.ianmortimer.com/essays/drawing.pdf  

[10] N.a. (n.d). Death by 1000 cuts: The gruesome history of the notorious ancient Chinese punishment of Lingchi. History Skills. https://www.historyskills.com/classroom/year-7/death-by-1000-cuts/#:~:text=The%20act%20of%20dismembering%20the,an%20act%20of%20filial%20impiety.  

[11] N.a., The pear of anguish - history & pictures. Medieval Britain. (2024a, March 27). https://medievalbritain.com/type/medieval-life/torture-devices/the-pear-of-anguish/   

[12] N.a.,The rack - history & pictures. Medieval Britain. (2024b, March 27). https://medievalbritain.com/type/medieval-life/torture-devices/the-rack/  

[13] Redd, W. (2024, April 2). The Pear Of Anguish And Its Alleged Use As A Torture Device In Early Modern Europe. All That’s Interesting. https://allthatsinteresting.com/pear-of-anguish  

[14] Seaver, C. (2022, December 17). The bizarre history of the pear of anguish. History Defined. https://www.historydefined.net/pear-of-anguish/  

[15] Seaver, C. (n.d.). The History of Lingchi: Death by a Thousand Cuts. History defined. https://www.historydefined.net/lingchi/.  

[16] Simon, R. (2023, November 1). “Godly butchery”: the horrifying history of hanging, drawing and quartering. HistoryExtra. Retrieved from: https://www.historyextra.com/period/medieval/hanging-drawing-quartering-what-why-treason-disembowelment/

[1] Biagetti, S. (2019, July 24). Freemasonry -- its origins, its myths, and its rituals. Spotify. https://open.spotify.com/episode/2YRmIqPbFwyX65xMJqOPQa?si=C0iZprffRb2wH-gWqBI4cA 

[2] Blakemore, E. (2023, September 19). What’s the real history of the Freemasons? History. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/freemasons-history-conspiracy-secret 

[3] Bosshardt, W. and Lopus, J.S. (2013). Business in the Middle Ages: What was the role of guilds?. Social Education: 77(2): 64-67. https://www.socialstudies.org/system/files/publications/articles/se_77021364.pdf. 

[4] Cartwright, M. (2023, March 30). Medieval guilds. World History Encyclopedia. https://www.worldhistory.org/Medieval_Guilds/ 

[5] Dale, J. (2022, November 18). Famous Freemasons. Masons of California. https://freemason.org/famous-freemasons/ 

[6] Different branches of Freemasonry. FREEMASONRY.network. (n.d.). https://freemasonry.network/masonic-structures/currents-of-freemasonry/different-branches-of-freemasonry/ 

[7] Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. (2024, July 30). Freemasonry. Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Freemasonry 

[8] Famous Freemasons. United Grand Lodge of England. (n.d.). https://www.ugle.org.uk/discover-freemasonry/famous-freemasons 

[9] History. Benevolence. (n.d.). https://santfreemasons.org.au/history/ 

[10] Lilley, G. (2020). A list of famous Freemasons you need to see. George H Lilley. https://www.ghlilley.com.au/blogs/news/famous-freemasons 

[11] Masonic rituals exposed [video]. Dallas Freemasonry. (2023, October 5). https://dallasfreemasonry.org/freemason-rituals 

[12] Stezano, M. (2023). One man exposed the secrets of the Freemasons. his disappearance led to their downfall. History.com. https://www.history.com/news/freemason-secrets-revealed 

[13] The Taxil hoax. Southern California Research Lodge. (n.d.). https://www.theresearchlodge.com/store/masonicstyle-print-edition-7zb5n-6fs83-hzmrw 

Recommendations Sources:

[1] The Freemasons Podcast by George Mudry https://open.spotify.com/show/0BHrT8beUzcFKkU4PUs0P0?si=917ac7b89c5c4e23 

[2] Inside the Freemasons. Documentary on YouTube. https://youtu.be/tRrG_KMMvNY?si=lk0KgCmenHFhu-0s

[1] (2017). Quora. Why isn’t the KKK labelled as a terrorist organization? https://www.quora.com/Why-isnt-the-KKK-labelled-as-a-terrorist-organization 

[2] (2017). Quora. Why isn’t the KKK regarded by the FBI as a domestic terrorist organization? https://www.quora.com/Why-isnt-the-KKK-regarded-by-the-FBI-as-a-domestic-terrorist-organization  

[3] Archuleta, A. (2021, February 26). Ron Stallworth. Colorado Springs Pioneers Museum. https://www.cspm.org/cos-150-story/ron-stallworth/  

[4] Conradis, B. & Coleman, J. (2020, May 31). Trump says he will designate antifa a terrorist organization. The Hill. Retrieved from: https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/500357-trump-says-he-will-designate-antifa-a-terrorist-organization/  

[5] FBI. (2016, May 3). Terrorism. FBI. https://www.fbi.gov/investigate/terrorism  

[6] Getchell, M. (n.d.). The reemergence of the KKK. Khan Academy. Retrieved from: https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-history/rise-to-world-power/1920s-america/a/the-reemergence-of-the-kkk  

[7] Government of Canada. (2021, June 25). Currently listed entities. Public Safety Canada. Retrieved from: https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/ntnl-scrt/cntr-trrrsm/lstd-ntts/crrnt-lstd-ntts-en.aspx 

[8] Guzman, J. (2020, June 10). Hundreds of thousands sign petitions calling on the US government to declare KKK a terrorist group. Changing America. Retrieved from: https://thehill.com/changing-america/respect/equality/502050-hundreds-of-thousands-sign-petition-calling-on-the-us/ 

[9] Manasan, A. (2020, Nov 28). The rise of the Ku Klux Klan in Canada - and why its lasting impact still matters. CBC News. Retrieved from: https://www.cbc.ca/radio/sunday/the-sunday-magazine-for-november-22-2020-1.5807350/the-rise-of-the-ku-klux-klan-in-canada-and-why-its-lasting-impact-still-matters-1.5807353 

[10] O’Dell, L. (2010, January 15). Ku Klux Klan. The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Retrieved from: https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry?entry=KU001

[11] Pashayan, A. R. (2020, June 20). Trump Wants to Label Antifa a Terrorist Organization. What About the KKK? Foreign Policy. Retrieved from: https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/06/20/trump-antifa-terrorist-organization-kkk-white-supremacy/ 

[12] Pietrusza, D. (n.d.) The Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s. Bill of Rights Institute. Retrieved from: https://billofrightsinstitute.org/essays/the-ku-klux-klan-in-the-1920s  

[13] Stallworth, R. (2018). Black Klansman: Race, Hate, and the Undercover Investigation of a Lifetime. Macmillan Publishers. 

[14] The Southern Poverty Law Centre. (n.d.). Klu Klux Klan. Retrieved from: https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/ideology/ku-klux-klan 

[1] N.a. (n.d.). Aileen Carol Wuornos. Office of the Clark County Prosecuting Attorney. http://www.clarkprosecutor.org/html/death/US/wuornos805.htm.

[2] (n.a.) (n.d.). The Case of Aileen Wuornos. Capital Punishment in Context. https://capitalpunishmentincontext.org/cases/wuornos. 

[3] Berry-Dee, C. (2019). Aileen “Lee” Carol Wuornos, In: Female Serial Killers: Up Close and Personal. Ulysses Press. ISBN: 978-1-61243-897-9.

[4] Biography.Com Editors, & Kettler S. (2023, December 09). Aileen Wuornos. Biography.com https://www.biography.com/crime/aileen-wuornos. 

[5] Jenkins, J.P. (2024, April 25). Aileen Wuornos: American Serial Killer. Brittanica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Aileen-Wuornos. 

[6] Shlosberg, A. & Sacks, M. (2024, May 21). Aileen Wuornos (no. 180) [Audio Podcast episode]. Women & Crime. https://womenandcrimepodcast.com/aileen-wuornos/.

[7] Real Stories Editors. (2021, December 12). Aileen Wuornos: The Story of a Serial Killer | Real Stories True Crime Documentary [video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ExGZtlzL1x4&ab_channel=RealStories. 

[8] Real Crime Editors. (2023, January 23). Life And Death Of A Serial Killer: Nick Broomfield's Chilling Doc On Aileen Wuornos | Real Crime [Youtube]. Real Crime. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qaGCNbIGomM&ab_channel=RealCrime.

[9]  Hayden, A.V. (2018, March 19).  8 Of The Most Shocking Moments From The Aileen Wuornos Murder Trial. Oxygen True Crime. https://www.oxygen.com/snapped/crime-time/shocking-moments-aileen-wuornos-murder-trial. 

[1] Cavendish, R. (2015, July). Serial killer Smith convicted: A notorious mass murderer was sentenced to death on July 1st 1915. History Today. (Internet). Retrieved from: https://www.historytoday.com/archive/serial-killer-smith-convicted 

[2] Jacobson, S. (2022, September 26). Crime of the Century: The Brides in the Bath. HeinOnline Blog. (Internet). Retrieved from: https://home.heinonline.org/blog/2022/09/crime-of-the-century-the-brides-in-the-bath/

[3] N.a. (n.d.). The Brides in the Bath case: George Joseph Smith. Watford Observer. (Internet). Retrieved from: https://www.watfordobserver.co.uk/news/nostalgia/crimelibrary/georgejosephsmith/bridesinthebath/ 

[4] Real Crime. “The Bigamist With a Taste For Blood | Murder Maps | Real Crime.” YouTube, 15 July 2021, https://youtu.be/88Azk-OiCjs?si=u-TdO0h4bXyPOi5f 

[5] Tremain, D., & Tremain, P. (2021). Death by Drowning. In How to Solve a Murder: true stories from a life in forensic medicine (pp. 129–153). essay, HarperElement. 

[6] Watson, E. R. (1922). Trial of George Joseph Smith. Internet Archive. (Internet). Retrieved from: https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.126771/page/n11/mode/2up 

[1] Cavendish, R. (2015, July). Serial killer Smith convicted: A notorious mass murderer was sentenced to death on July 1st 1915. History Today. (Internet). Retrieved from: https://www.historytoday.com/archive/serial-killer-smith-convicted 

[2] Jacobson, S. (2022, September 26). Crime of the Century: The Brides in the Bath. HeinOnline Blog. (Internet). Retrieved from: https://home.heinonline.org/blog/2022/09/crime-of-the-century-the-brides-in-the-bath/

[3] N.a. (n.d.). The Brides in the Bath case: George Joseph Smith. Watford Observer. (Internet). Retrieved from: https://www.watfordobserver.co.uk/news/nostalgia/crimelibrary/georgejosephsmith/bridesinthebath/ 

[4] Real Crime. “The Bigamist With a Taste For Blood | Murder Maps | Real Crime.” YouTube, 15 July 2021, https://youtu.be/88Azk-OiCjs?si=u-TdO0h4bXyPOi5f 

[5] Tremain, D., & Tremain, P. (2021). Death by Drowning. In How to Solve a Murder: true stories from a life in forensic medicine (pp. 129–153). essay, HarperElement. 

[6] Watson, E. R. (1922). Trial of George Joseph Smith. Internet Archive. (Internet). Retrieved from: https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.126771/page/n11/mode/2up 

[1] Jenkins, John Philip. "Harold Shipman". Encyclopedia Britannica, 26 Apr. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Harold-Shipman. Accessed 7 May 2024.

[2] Jackson, T., & Smith, R. (2004, January 24). Harold Shipman. BMJ : British Medical Journal. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC318504/ 

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[2] Appendices | cites. CITES. (n.d.). https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php 

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[3] Chasmar, J. (2013, July 28). Man armed with baseball bat tried to rob gun store. Washington Times. (Internet). Retrieved from: https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/jul/28/man-armed-baseball-bat-tries-rob-gun-store/ 

[4] Collman, A. (2013, July 28). Not so fast! Man attempts to rob a gun store with baseball bat - gets arrested instead when manager pulls out loaded weapon. Daily Mail. (Internet). Retrieved from: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2380519/Not-fast-Man-attempts-rob-gun-store-baseball-bat--gets-arrested-instead-manager-pulls-loaded-weapon.html 

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[8] Hough, A. (2009, October 30). 'Dumb' American criminals attempted robbery with 'permanent market pen disguises'. The Telegraph. (Internet). Retrieved from: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/6431303/Dumb-American-criminals-attempt-robbery-with-permanent-marker-pen-disguises.html 

[9] Kalmbacher, C. (3034, October 4). ‘His flame burned differently’: Brothers take pleas in stabbing death of aspiring lawyer who wanted to help people in need. Law&Crime. (Internet). Retrieved from: https://lawandcrime.com/crime/his-flame-burned-differently-brothers-take-pleas-in-stabbing-death-of-aspiring-lawyer-who-wanted-to-help-people-in-need/ 

[10] McGlothlen, J. (2009, November 5). Charges dismissed against 2 Iowa men who painted faces with markers. The Gazette. (Internet). Retrieved from: https://www.thegazette.com/news/charges-dismissed-against-2-iowa-men-who-painted-faces-with-marker/ 

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[13] Oliveira, A. (2023, September 8). Las Vegas rapper arrested after he allegedly 'confessed' to murder in music video. New York Post. (Internet). Retrieved from: https://nypost.com/2023/09/08/las-vegas-rapper-arrested-after-he-allegedly-confessed-to-murder-in-music-video/ 

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[1] Collins, P. (2019, September 24). Understanding paraphilic disorders & the impact on criminality: Part One. Blue Line. https://www.blueline.ca/understanding-paraphilic-disorders-the-impact-on-criminality-part-one/  

[2] Crosby, J. (2017, June 28). Fetishistic disorder: Exploring fetishes, paraphilic disorders, and stigma-free treatment options. Thriveworks. https://thriveworks.com/blog/fetishistic-disorder/  

[3] Fisher, K. (2023, March 6). Paraphilia. StatPearls [Internet]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554425/#:~:text=Paraphilias%20are%20persistent%20and%20recurrent,of%20paraphilia%20and%20paraphilic%20disorders.  

[4] Garza, A. (2022, May 23). 9 serial killers with frightening and grotesque fetishes. Ranker. https://www.ranker.com/list/serial-killers-who-had-fetishes/alisha-garza  

[5] Hernandez, A. (2024, March 11). Name change from pedophilia to minor attracted person. LinkedIn. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/name-change-from-pedophilia-minor-attracted-person-anthony-hernandez/  

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[7] N/A. (2020). Jerome Brudos - victims, Family & Facts. Biography. https://www.biography.com/crime/jerome-brudos  

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[10] Wikimedia Foundation. (2024, March 12). Jerry Brudos. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Brudos  

[1] Bauer, P. (2024, March 1). Richard Kuklinski. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Richard-Kuklinksi

[2] Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2024, March 14). John Wilkes Booth. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Wilkes-Booth

[3] de Korte, L.R., Kleemans, E.R. Contract killings: a crime script analysis. Trends Organ Crim 25, 130–143 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12117-021-09411-4

[4] Gammon, K. (2024, March 15). How Does Blood Spatter in Space? Nautilus. (Web). Retrieved from: https://nautil.us/how-does-blood-splatter-in-space-533383/  

[5] Kowalske, Z., Pantalos, G., Oleiwi, A., & Williams, G. (2024, February 9). Bloodstain pattern dynamics in microgravity: Observations of a plot study in the next frontier of forensic science. Forensic Science International: Reports. Volume 9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsir.2024.100358  

[6] Mckinley, J. (2024, January 14). Hit men are easy to find in the movies. real life is another story. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/14/nyregion/hit-men-are-easy-to-find-in-the-movies-real-life-is-another-story.html#:~:text=There%20are%20also%20hit%20men,Godfather%E2%80%9D%20and%20%E2%80%9CGoodfellas.%E2%80%9D  

[7] Richard Kuklinski - Alcatraz east pigeon forge. Alcatraz East. (2023, November 10). https://www.alcatrazeast.com/crime-library/organized-crime/richard-kuklinski/  

[8] Sutton, J. (2023, February 27). The contract killer. Criminal Behaviours. https://www.criminalbehaviours.com/post/the-contract-killer  

[9] van Gestel, B. (2023). Contract killings by organised crime groups: The spread of deadly violence. In Organized Crime in the 21st Century: Motivations, Opportunities, and Constraints (pp. 137-151). Cham: Springer International Publishing.

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[1] Carr, E. L. (Director). (2017). Mommy Dead and Dearest. [Film]. HBO Documentary Films.

[2] Gibson, Kelsie. (2024, January 8). The Biggest Revelations from The Prison Confessions of Gypsy Rose Blanchard. People. Internet. Retrieved from: https://people.com/the-prison-confessions-of-gypsy-rose-blanchard-biggest-revelations-8421990 

[3] Keegan, Harrison (2017, May 10). Everything you need to know about Dee Dee and Gypsy Rose Blanchard. Springfield News-Leader. Internet. Retrieved from: https://www.news-leader.com/story/news/local/2017/05/10/gypsy-blanchard-everything-you-need-know-case/101499166/ 

[4] Matthias, J., & Matthias, L. (Hosts). (2024, January 9). GYPSY ROSE EXPOSED - With Dr John Matthias, Forensic Psychologist. [Audio podcast episode]. In Hidden: A True Crime Podcast.  https://open.spotify.com/episode/4MMdU4dqYHt5cl0hCtTqWh?si=u9jHDezDQqu8KRLj5kD26Q 

[5] Mossburg, C., & Kaur, H. (2023, December 28). Gypsy Rose Blanchard, who pleaded guilty to helping kill her abusive mother, is released from prison. CNN. Internet. Retrieved from: https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/28/us/gypsy-rose-blanchard-prison-release-cec/index.html

[6] N.a. (2023, December 29). Gypsy Rose Blanchard had her mother killed. Now free, what’s her story? Aljazeera. [Internet]. Retrieved from: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/29/gypsy-rose-blanchard-had-her-mother-killed-now-free-whats-her-story

[7] Roppolo, Michael. (2023, December 23). Gypsy Rose Blanchard released from prison after serving 7 years for mother’s murder. Here’s what to know about her case. CBS News. Internet. Retrieved from: https://www.cbsnews.com/news/gypsy-rose-blanchard-parole-dee-dee-blanchard/

[8] Smith, J., Diaz, J., & Valiente, A. (2018, January 4). How a young woman forced to use a wheel chair, treated for several illnesses ended up in prison for her mother’s murder. ABCNews. Internet. Retrieved from: https://abcnews.go.com/US/young-wheelchair-bound-woman-treated-illnesses-ended-prison/story?id=52138979 

[1] A&E Television Networks. (2009). Atlanta child murderer is traced using rare nylon fiber. History.com. https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/atlanta-child-murderer-is-questioned 

[2] Bonn, S. A. (2017, December 4). Criminal profiling: The original mind hunter. Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/ca/blog/wicked-deeds/201712/criminal-profiling-the-original-mind-hunter#:~:text=In%20what%20is%20frequently%20cited,Jack%20the%20Ripper’s%20personality%2C%20behavioral 

[3] Cherry, K. (2024, February 4). How is behavioral analysis used as a treatment?. Verywell Mind. https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-behavior-analysis-2794865#:~:text=Applied%20behavior%20analysis%20(ABA)%20has,workplaces%2C%20and%20public%20health%20interventions.&text=All%20behaviors%20serve%20a%20purpose,be%20maladaptive%20for%20a%20person. 

[4] Douglas, J. E., & Burgess, M. (n.d.). Criminal Profiling - A Viable Investigative Tool Against Violent Crime | Office of Justice Programs. NCJRS Virtual Library. https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/criminal-profiling-viable-investigative-tool-against-violent-crime#:~:text=The%20process%20generally%20involves%20(1,evaluation%20of%20preliminary%20police%20reports. 

[5] Douglas, J., & Olshaker, M. (1995). Atlanta. In Mindhunter (pp. 211–239). Chapter, Gallery Books. 

[6] Epstein, G. (1987, August 30). Atlanta Child Murders: Wayne Williams “very like” FBI profile. ajc. https://www.ajc.com/news/crime--law/atlanta-child-murders-williams-very-like-fbi-profile/IKyewPxrv06NXcUWz98F9J/ 

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[8] Ishak, N. (2024, January 19). An alleged serial killer was convicted of the Atlanta child murders - but the truth may be even worse. All That’s Interesting. https://allthatsinteresting.com/atlanta-child-murders 

[9] Lambert, L. (n.d.). George Metesky. Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/George-Metesky 

[10] Magazine, S. (2017, April 1). Unmasking the mad bomber. Smithsonian.com. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/unmasking-the-mad-bomber-180962469/ 

[1] Banks, A. (2019, July 29). Anthony Kirkland: A serial killer in Ohio. Criminally Intrigued. Internet Source. Retrieved from: https://www.criminallyintrigued.com/blog/2019/7/28/anthony-kirkland-a-serial-killer-in-ohio 

[2] Blanco, J. I. (n.d.). Anthony Kirkland: Murderpedia, the Encyclopedia of Murderers. Anthony Kirkland | Murderpedia, the encyclopedia of murderers. Internet source. Retrieved from: https://murderpedia.org/male.K/k/kirkland-anthony.htm 

[3] Byers, S. (2002). Postmortem Changes to Bone. In K. Hanson & J. Jacobson (Eds.), Introduction to Forensic Anthropology (pp. 352 - 373). Allyn & Bacon.

[4] Correia, P. M. (1997). Fire modification of bone: a review of the literature. Forensic taphonomy: The postmortem fate of human remains, 275 - 293.

[5] Gallo, G., Fyhrie, M., Paine, C., Ushakov, S. V., Izuho, M., Gunchinsuren, B., ... & Navrotsky, A. (2021). Characterization of structural changes in modern and archaeological burnt bone: Implications for differential preservation bias. PloS one, 16(7), e0254529

[6] Keough, N., L’Abbé, E. N., Steyn, M., & Pretorius, S. (2015). Assessment of skeletal changes after post-mortem exposure to fire as an indicator of decomposition stage. Forensic Science International, 246, 17-24.

[7] Love, J. C., & Wiersema, J. M. (September 1, 2016). Skeletal Trauma: An Anthropological Review. Acad Forensic Pathol, 6(3), 463 – 477.

[8] Pope, E. J., & Smith, O. C. (2004). Identification of traumatic injury in burned cranial bone: an experimental approach. Journal of Forensic Science, 49(3), JFS2003286-10.

[9] Rosewood, J., & Lo, R. (2017). Anthony Kirkland. In The Big Book of Serial Killers (pp. 195–197). essay, LAK Publishing.

[10] Stiner, M. C., Kuhn, S. L., Weiner, S., & Bar-Yosef, O. (1995). Differential Burling, Recrystallization, and Fragmentation of Archaeological Bone. Journal of Archaeological Science, 22, 223 - 237

[11] Thompson, T., & Gowland, R. (n.d.) What Happens to Human Bodies When They Are Burned? Durham University Forensic Archaeology and Anthropology. Retrieved from: https://www.futurelearn.com/info/courses/forensic-archaeology-and-anthropology/0/steps/67911#:~:text=The%20Dehydration%20and%20Decomposition%20stages,also%20causes%20significant%20colour%20change.

[12] Trevas, D. (2020, August 18). Court Affirms Death Resentencing in Teen Murders. Court News Ohio. Internet source. Retrieved from: https://www.courtnewsohio.gov/cases/2020/SCO/0818/181265.asp 

[13] Tutor, P. M., Márquez-Grant, N., Rojas, C., V., Garcìa, A., M., Guzmán, I., P., & Sánchez, M., B. (2021). Through fire and flames: post-burning survival and detection of dismemberment-related tool  marks in cremated cadavers. International Journal of Legal Medicine, 135, 801-815.

[14] Wescott, D. J. (2019). Postmortem change in bone biomechanical properties: Loss of plasticity. Forensic Science International, 300, 164 - 169

[1] Blum, D. (2013, January 28). The imperfect myth of the female poisoner. Wired. https://www.wired.com/2013/01/the-myth-of-the-female-poisoner/#:~:text=But%20because%20women%20seem%20to,the%20risks%20of%20physical%20confrontation. 

[2] CBC/Radio Canada. (2014, December 16). “internet black widow” denied any chance of Parole | CBC News. CBCnews. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/melissa-ann-shepard-denied-any-chance-of-parole-1.2874938 

[3] Chow, D. (2022, June 27). Intact woolly mammoth baby uncovered in Northwestern Canada. NBCNews.com. https://www.nbcnews.com/science/science-news/intact-wooly-mammoth-baby-uncovered-northwestern-canada-rcna35521 

[4] Kassam, A. (2016, March 25). Canada’s Black widow: The rosy-cheeked killer is back on the streets. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/25/canada-black-widow-released-melissa-shepard 

[5] Rose, T. (2019). Black Widows, Sexual Predators, and the Reality of Female Serial Killers (thesis). Retrieved 2024, from https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/682ac015-26ab-4153-851e-804ab6fef19e/content. 

[6] Taylor, R. (2023). Melissa Ann Shepard: Canada’s internet black widow. The Crime Wire. https://thecrimewire.com/true-crime/Canadas-Black-Widow 

[7] van Sambeck, B. (2023, December 19). Why are certain female killers called Black widows? it all goes back to a popular myth. Oxygen Official Site. https://www.oxygen.com/black-widow-murders/crime-news/why-are-female-killers-called-black-widows-what-are-they#:~:text=One%20kind%20of%20female%20murderer,usually%20partners%2C%20for%20financial%20reasons. 

[8] Wikimedia Foundation. (2023, December 26). Nannie Doss. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nannie_Doss 

If you or someone you may know has any information that could help identify those photographed, you can call 307-922-5295 or 714-375-5066.

[1] CBS News. (2010, September 25). The Killing Game. 48 Hours. (Internet). Retrieved from: https://www.cbsnews.com/news/48-hours-mystery-rodney-alcalas-killing-game/ 

[2] CBS/AP. (2016, September 20). Woman’s picture links serial killer to another cold case slaying. CBS News. (Internet). Retrieved from: https://www.cbsnews.com/news/rodney-alcala-serial-killers-picture-links-him-to-another-cold-case-slaying/ 

[3] Falcon, Gabriel. (2010, March 10). Convicted serial killer won on ‘Dating Game’. CNN. (Internet). Retrieved from: http://www.cnn.com/2010/CRIME/03/08/dating.game.killer/index.html 

[4] Handel, Sarah. (2010, March 11). Serial Killer Rodney Alcala’s Photo Trove Found. NPR News. (Internet). Retrieved from: https://www.npr.org/sections/talk/2010/03/serial_killer_rodney_alcalas_p.html 

[5] Kettles, Sara. (2023, October 3). Rodney Alcala. Biography. (Internet). Retrieved from: https://www.biography.com/crime/rodney-alcala 

[6] Lecture notes from ANTH 3473 taught by Dr. Tanya Peckmann at Saint Mary's University

[7] n.a. (2020, August 31). Forensic art world. Forensic Art World - Forensic Art Service LLC | Welcome to the world of Forensic Art. https://forensicartist.com/new/

[8] n.a. (2022, April 29). Forensic artist job description, education requirements and salary expectations. How to Become a Crime Scene Investigator | CSI Education. https://www.crimesceneinvestigatoredu.org/forensic-artist/#:~:text=Forensic%20artists%20work%20closely%20with,and%20models%20of%20crime%20scenes.

[9] n.a. (2021, July 24). Condemned Inmate Rodney Alcala Dies of Natural Causes. California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. (Internet). Retrieved from: https://www.cdcr.ca.gov/news/2021/07/24/condemned-inmate-rodney-alcala-dies-of-natural-causes/ 

[10] Pelisek, Christine. (2010, March 30). Orange County Judge Sentences Serial Killer and Dating Game Winner Rodney Alcala to Death (Updated). LA Weekly. (Internet). Retrieved from: https://www.laweekly.com/orange-county-judge-sentences-serial-killer-and-dating-game-winner-rodney-alcala-to-death-updated/ 

[11] Rosewood, J., & Lo, R. (2017). Rodney Alcala. In The Big Book of Serial Killers (pp. 9–11). LAK Publishing.

[12] Rudegeair, Peter. (2012, January 7). “Dating Game” killer sentenced for 1970s murder. (Internet). REUTERS. Retrieved from: https://www.reuters.comarticle/idUSBRE9060S1/ 

[1] American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Antisocial Personality Disorder. In Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596. 

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[3] Berlinger, J. (Producer & Director). (2022). Conversations with a killer: The John Wayne Gacy Tapes [documentary]. Retrieved from https://www.netflix.com

[4] Burton, B., & Saleh, F. M. (2020, October 30). Psychopathy: Insights for General Practice. Psychiatric Times, 37(10). https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/psychopathy-insights-general-practice. 

[5] CDC. (n.d.) Behavior or Conduct Problems in Children. Center for Disease Control. https://www.cdc.gov/childrensmentalhealth/behavior.html#:~:text=Conduct%20Disorder%20(CD)%20is%20diagnosed,law%20and%20result%20in%20arrest.

[6] DeAngelis, T. (2022, March 1). A broader view of psychopathy. Monitor on Psychology, 53(2). https://www.apa.org/monitor/2022/03/ce-corner-psychopathy.

[7] Dutton, K. (2012). The Wisdom of Psychopaths: What Saints, Spies, and Serial Killers can Teach Us About Success. New York, NY: Scientific American/Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

[8] Kiehl, K.A. (n.d.). Research History. Kent A. Kiehl, Pd.D. [Internet]. https://kentkiehl.com/firsts/. 

[9] Kiehl, K. A., & Hoffman, M. B. (2011). The criminal psychopath: History, neuroscience, treatment, and economics. Jurimetrics, 51, 355–397. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4059069/#:~:text=Psychopaths%20are%20twenty%20to%20twenty,to%20most%20forms%20of%20treatment.

[10] Leistedt, S. J., & Linkowski, P. (2014). Psychopathy and the cinema: fact or fiction?. Journal of forensic sciences, 59(1), 167–174. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.12359. 

[11] PsychopathyIs. (n.d.). Facts & Figures. PsychopathyIs [Internet]. https://psychopathyis.org/stats/. 

[12] PsychopathyIs. (n.d.). What is psychopathy?. PsychopathyIs [Internet]. https://psychopathyis.org/what-is-psychopathy/. 

[13] Sanz-García, A., Gesteira, C., Sanz, J., & García-Vera, MP. (2021). Prevalence of Psychopathy in the General Adult Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(2021). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.661044. 

Pendle

[1] Castelow, Ellen. (2019, July 31). The Pendle Witches. Historic UK. Internet source. Retrieved from: https://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/The-Pendle-Witches/. 

[2] Chronicle - Medieval History Documentaries. (2022, April 16). 1612: The Disturbing Witch Trial That Shook Britain | The Pendle Witch Child | Chronicle. [Video]. Youtube. https://youtu.be/eQrva6RAkak?si=KuJhE_gTxQI0PqMx. 

[3] n.a. (n.d) The Pendle Witches. The History Press: The destination for history. Internet source. Retrieved from: https://www.thehistorypress.co.uk/articles/the-pendle-witches/. 

[4] n.a. (n.d.) Witches. Visit Pendle. Internet source. Retrieved from: https://www.visitpendle.com/witches. 

[5] Pott's Discovery of Witches in the County of Lancaster. https://publicdomainreview.org/collection/potts-s-discovery-of-witches-in-the-county-of-lancaster-1845/. 

Torsåker

[1]Gershon, L. (2022). The Easter Witches of Sweden. JSTOR Daily. https://daily.jstor.org/the-easter-witches-of-sweden/. 

[2] Hogman, H. (2021). Torsåker witch trials of 1674 - 1675 and Clergyman Hornaeus. Swedish History - Hans Högman. https://www.hhogman.se/witch-trials-sweden.htm. 

[3] Morbid A True Crime Podcast. (2023, October 16). The Torsåker Witch Trials [video] YouTube. Retrieved October 18, 2023, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pbd0wmdjDFw&t=272s.. 

[4] Tiderman-Österberg, J. (2021). The Swedish witch trials: How to confront Dark Heritage. Smithsonian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage. https://folklife.si.edu/magazine/swedish-witch-trials-dark-heritage. 

Salem

[1] Blumberg, J. (2022, October 24). A brief history of the Salem Witch Trials. Smithsonian Magazine. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/a-brief-history-of-the-salem-witch-trials-175162489/. 

[2] Greenleaf, T.C. (n.d.) The Salem Witch Trials. National Geographic Kids. https://kids.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/salem-witch-trials. 

[3] Lewis, J.J. (2021, March 11). The role of witch’s cake in Salem. ThoughCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-witchs-cake-3528206. 

[4] N.a. (n.d.). The salem village church record book: Facsimile of records kept by Rev. Samuel Parris. Danvers Archival Center at the Peabody Institute Library. https://www.danverslibrary.org/archive/village-church-record-book/#:~:text=The%20Salem%20Village%20Parish%20was,Lawson%20(1684%2D1688). 

[5] Pruitt, S. (2023, September 29). Salem Witch Trials: Whowere the main accusers?. History.com. https://www.history.com/news/salem-witch-trials-accusers. 

[6] Wallenfeldt, J. (n.d.). Salem Witch Trials. Brittanica. https://www.britannica.com/event/Salem-witch-trials. 

Real (scanned) documents from the Salem Witch Trials: https://www.congregationallibrary.org/digital-collections/salem-witch-trials.

[1] Buck, U., Naether, S., Räss, B., Jackowski, C., & Thali, M. J. (2013). Accident or homicide–virtual crime scene reconstruction using 3D methods. Forensic science international, 225(1-3), 75-84.

[2] Chisum, W. J. (2006). Crime reconstruction. In The Forensic Laboratory Handbook: Procedures and Practice (pp. 63-77). Totowa, NJ: Humana Press.

[3] Egan, N.W. (2017, January 23). Who is the real Jeffrey MacDonald? Exclusive interviews with his friends and family. People. https://people.com/crime/who-is-the-real-jeffrey-macdonald-exclusive-interviews-with-his-friends-and-family/. 

[4] Gardner, R. M., & Krouskup, D. (2018). Understanding the Nature of Physical Evidence. In Practical crime scene processing and investigation (pp. 19-48). CRC Press. 

[5] Maneli, M. A., & Isafiade, O. E. (2022). 3D forensic crime scene reconstruction involving immersive technology: A systematic literature review. IEEE Access, 10, 88821-88857.

[6] McGinniss, J. (1987). Fatal Vision. Signet Books. ISBN 978-0-451-41794-7. 

[7] N.a. (n.d.). Chronology. Just the facts on Jeffrey MacDonald case. https://www.macdonaldcasefacts.com/html/chronology.html.

[8] N.a. (n.d.). The MacDonald Family Murders. USA Today. (https://stories.usatodaynetwork.com/jeffreymacdonald/themacdonaldmurders/. 

[9] Pinsky, M. (1978, December 24). A Cranbury Father's ‘Obsession’ Links Son‐in‐Law to Murder. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1978/12/24/archives/new-jersey-weekly-a-cranbury-fathers-obsession-links-soninlaw-to.html.

[10] Realwomen/realstories. (2023, January 22). The Jeffrey MacDonald Murder Case: Crime Documentary - Did He Do It? [Video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tAUa_SNISTg&ab_channel=REALWOMEN%2FREALSTORIES. 

[11] Silvergate, H. (2013, May). Reflections on the Jeffrey MacDonald case. The Campion (May 2013): 52. https://www.nacdl.org/Article/May2013-ReflectionsontheJeffreyMacDona. 

[12] United States Attorney’s Office. (2021, September 17). Convicted murderer Jeffrey MacDonald’s appeal dismissed and consecutive life sentences remain intact. US Department of Justice. https://www.justice.gov/usao-ednc/pr/convicted-murderer-jeffrey-macdonald-s-appeal-dismissed-and-consecutive-life-sentences. 

[13] United States of America v. Jeffrey R. MacDonald. No. 15-7136. https://www.ca4.uscourts.gov/opinions/157136.P.pdf. 

[14] Woolverton, Paul. (2020, February 17). Jeffrey MacDonald case intrigues 50 years later. Star News Online. https://www.starnewsonline.com/story/news/2020/02/17/jeffrey-macdonald-case-intrigues-50-years-later/1692031007/. 

[1] ABC News. (2009, March 240. Did These Twins Commit the Perfect Crime? ABC News (Internet). Retrieved from: https://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=7159726&page=1

[2] ABC News. (2011, July 29). Twin Brothers Complicate Arizona Murder Investigation. ABC News (Internet). Retrieved from: https://abcnews.go.com/US/twins-complicate-arizona-murder-investigation/story?id=14189794

[3] Lacey, Marc. (2011, August 8). Identical Twins, One Charged in a Fatal Shooting, Create Confusion for the Police. New York Times (Internet). Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/09/us/09twins.html

[4] Lamm, Jason D. (2011, August 3). Mistaken Identity of Identical Twins in Phoenix Murder Case. Jason D. Lamm Criminal Defense Team (Internet). Retrieved from: http://www.thephoenixcriminalattorney.com/blog/2011/august/mistaken-identity-of-identical-twins-in-phoenix-/

[5] Lecture notes from FRSC 2201 taught by Dr. Brenna Frasier at Saint Mary's University.

[6] Lecture Notes from FRSC 3310 taught by Dr. Michelle Patriquin at Saint Mary's University.

[7] Ma, Kai. (2011, August 26). Seeing Double. Time (Internet). Retrieved form: https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2090549_2090540_2090539,00.html

[8] n.a. (2011, July 30). Double vision: Twin Arizona nightclub ‘killer’ may walk as prosecutors try to prove it was him… not near identical brother. DailyMail. (Internet). Retrieved from: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2020436/Arizona-nightclub-killer-walk-witnesses-question-police-got-right-twin.html

[9]  n.a. (2021, March 12). Identical twins: When police fail to pick real criminal and let both go. The Business Standard (Internet). Retrieved from: https://www.tbsnews.net/offbeat/identical-twins-when-police-fail-pick-real-criminal-and-let-both-go-215416

[10] n.a. The Fox(e) twins of Stevenage. A History of Preston in Hertfordshire (Internet). Retrieved from: https://prestonherts.co.uk/foxetwins.htm

[11]Taylor, K. (2020, June 25). The prosecutor’s fallacy. Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (CEBM), University of Oxford. https://www.cebm.ox.ac.uk/news/views/the-prosecutors-fallacy

[12]Taylor, Oliver. (2018, July 29). 10 Times Identical Twins Tried Getting Away With Crime. Listverse (Internet). Retrieved from: https://listverse.com/2018/07/29/10-times-identical-twins-tried-getting-away-with-crime/ 

[13]Zimmer, Carl. (2019, March 1). One Twin Committed the Crime — but Which One? A New DNA Test Can Finger the Culprit. The New York Times (Internet). Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/01/science/twins-dna-crime-paternity.html 

[1] Biography.com Editors. (2014). Machine Gun Kelly Biography. Biography.com. https://www.biography.com/crime/machine-gun-kelly

[2] Company, O. V. P. (n.d.). Machine Gun Kelly. Alcatraz History. https://www.alcatrazhistory.com/mgk.htm

[3] Daugherty, G. (2021). How Al Capone spent his time in Alcatraz. History.com. https://www.history.com/news/al-capone-alcatraz

[4] Encyclopedia.com. (n.d.). Kelly, Kathryn Thorne (1904-1998?). Encyclopedia.com. https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/kelly-kathryn-thorne-1904-1998

[5] FBI. (2016, May 18). George “Machine Gun” Kelly. FBI. https://www.fbi.gov/history/famous-cases/machine-gun-kelly

[6] Magazine, S. (2016, September 26). This letter tells what Al Capone was up to in Alcatraz. Smithsonian.com. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/letter-tells-what-al-capone-was-alcatraz-180960578/

[1] n.a. Forensic medical traumatology [PDF file]. Retrieved from: https://pathology.med.sumdu.edu.ua/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Forensic-Medicine-lecture4-en.pdf

[2] Wyatt, J. P., Payne-James, J., Norfolk, G., & Squires, T. (2015). Chapter 5 - Forensic pathology of physical injury. In Oxford Handbook of Forensic TermsMedicine. essay, Oxford University Press.

[3] Patriquin, M. (2022). Sharp Force Trauma (SFT) / Cut Mark Analysis [Lecture]. Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, NS.

Part One:

[1] Chappell, B. (2023, April 12). What to know about the Lori Vallow Daybell ‘zombie’ multiple-murder trial. National Public Radio (NPR). [Internet]. Retrieved from: https://www.npr.org/2023/04/12/1169298124/lori-vallow-zombie-murder-trial

[2] Fetzer, R. (2022, July 20). Chad Daybell’s family says shallow graves of Tylee Ryan and JJ Vallow were not dug by their dad. CBS News - 48 Hours. [Internet]. Retrieved from: https://www.cbsnews.com/news/chad-daybell-graves-tylee-ryan-jj-vallow-not-dug-dad/

[3] Gualtieri, A. E. (2023, May 13). “Doomsday mom” Lori Vallow Daybell found guilty of murdering her 2 children. CBS News - 48 Hours. [Internet]. Retrieved from: https://www.cbsnews.com/news/watch-live-lori-vallow-daybell-verdict-stream-doomsday-mom-trial/ 

[4] Mannie, K. (2023, April 6). Lori Vallow trial: What to know about the ‘cult mom’ accused of killing her 2 kids. Global News. [Internet]. Retrieved from: https://globalnews.ca/news/9606953/lori-vallow-trial-cult-mom-killing-kids-jj-tylee-chad-daybell-idaho/

[5] McCarthy, L. (2023, May 12). Lori Vallow Daybell’s Journey From ‘Doomsday Mom’ to Convicted Murderer. The New York Times. [Internet]. Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/article/lori-vallow-daybell-trial.html

[6] Teurfs, K., Dunn, L. T., Narvaez, C., Singer, M. (2023, May 18). What did Lori Vallow Daybell do? A full timeline of the “doomsday mom” case up to her guilty verdict. CBS News - 48 Hours. [Internet]. Retrieved from: https://www.cbsnews.com/news/lori-vallow-chad-daybell-what-did-they-do-doomsday-mom-murders-case-timeline/ 

Part Two:

[1] Bromwich, J. E., & Marcius, C. R. (2023, June 29). N.Y.P.D. has evidence to arrest woman who said Jonathan Majors hit her. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/29/nyregion/jonathan-majors-accuser.html

[2] Carras, C. (2023a, March 26). Jonathan majors’ attorney claims woman recanted assault allegations after arrest. Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2023-03-26/jonathan-majors-arrested-released-assault-allegations-new-york

[3] Carras, C. (2023b, March 30). Jonathan majors’ attorney releases text messages allegedly sent by woman after arrest. Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2023-03-30/jonathan-majors-arrested-assault-text-messages

[4] Hammer, A. (2023, April 22). Jonathan majors claims new video proves he did not assault his girlfriend. Daily Mail Online. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-11996083/Jonathan-Majors-claims-new-video-proves-did-NOT-assault-girlfriend.html

[5] Italiano, L. (2023, June 27). Marvel’s jonathan majors files cross-complaint against his assault accuser. NYPD finds probable cause for arrest, sources say. Insider. https://www.insider.com/marvels-jonathan-majors-files-nypd-complaint-against-assault-accuser-sources-2023-6

[6] Lamont, T. (2023, February 26). “I knew it would be ok”: Jonathan majors on his remarkable rise from troubled teen to Hollywood A-lister. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2023/feb/26/jonathan-majors-interview-ant-man-and-the-wasp-quantumania-creed-3#:~:text=His%20father%2C%20Winfred%2C%20a%20quieter,to%20Texas%2C%20his%20parents%20separated.

[7] Press, T. A. (2023, March 27). Jonathan majors arrested on assault charge in New York. AP News. https://apnews.com/article/jonathan-majors-arrested-3ccf23bb407f5e6d2441ccc536b254f2

[8]  Rubin, R. (2023, March 30). Jonathan majors’ lawyer releases text messages he claims show woman taking blame for fight. Variety. https://variety.com/2023/film/news/jonathan-majors-text-messages-assault-arrest-1235568826/

[9] Sgueglia, K. (2023, March 30). Jonathan majors’ attorney provides purported texts from woman in alleged assault. CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2023/03/30/entertainment/jonathan-majors-text-evidence/index.html

[1] Blanco, J. I. (n.d.). Timothy McVeigh: Murderpedia, the Encyclopedia of Murderers. Timothy McVeigh | Murderpedia, the encyclopedia of murderers. https://murderpedia.org/male.M/m1/mcveigh-timothy.htm 

[2] CSIS. The First U.S. National Strategy for Countering Domestic Terrorism. CSIS [Internet]. https://www.csis.org/analysis/first-us-national-strategy-countering-domestic-terrorism#:~:text=A4%3A%20The%20National%20Strategy%20for%20Countering%20Domestic%20Terrorism,strategy%20is%20built%20around%20four%20pillars%20of%20action. 

[3] Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. (2023, June 7). Timothy McVeigh. Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Timothy-McVeigh 

[4] FBI. (2020, November). Domestic Terrorism: Definitions, Terminology, and Methodology. FBI [Internet]. https://www.fbi.gov/file-repository/fbi-dhs-domestic-terrorism-definitions-terminology-methodology.pdf/view 

[5] FBI. (2016a, May 18). Oklahoma City bombing. FBI. https://www.fbi.gov/history/famous-cases/oklahoma-city-bombing 

[6] FBI (n.d.).Terrorism. FBI. https://www.fbi.gov/investigate/terrorism.

[7] FBI. (2016b, May 18). World trade center bombing 1993. FBI. https://www.fbi.gov/history/famous-cases/world-trade-center-bombing-1993 

[8] Government of Canada. (n.d.) Memorializing the Victims of Terrorism. Government of Canada [Internet]. https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/cj-jp/victim/rr09_6/p3.html.

[9] Jones, S.G., Doxsee, C., & Harrington, N. (2020, July 30). The Tactics and Targets of Domestic Terrorists. CSIS [Internet]. https://www.csis.org/analysis/tactics-and-targets-domestic-terrorists .

[10] Lambert, L. (2016). Terry Nichols. Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Terry-Nichols 

[11] Linder, D. O. (n.d.). The Oklahoma Bombing Conspirators. Profiles of the three Oklahoma City Bombing Conspirators: Timothy McVeigh, Terry Nichols, and Michael Fortier. http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/mcveigh/conspirators.html 

[12] Pascus, B. (2019, August 10). What is "domestic terrorism" and what can the law do about it?. CBS News [Internet]. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/what-is-domestic-terrorism-understanding-law-and-fbi-definitions-terrorist-activity-in-the-united-states/. 

[13] Jones, S. (2022, February 17). The Evolution of Domestic Terrorism. CSIS. https://www.csis.org/analysis/evolution-domestic-terrorism. 

[14] Wiegmann, B. (2019, May 08). Statement before the Committee on Homeland Security US House of Representatives at a hearing entitled “Confronting the Rise of Domestic Terrorism in the Homeland”. US Department of Justice. https://democrats-homeland.house.gov/imo/media/doc/Testimony-Wiegmann.pdf. 

[1] Asp, D. (2022). Espionage Act of 1917 (1917). The First Amendment Encyclopedia. Retrieved from: https://www.mtsu.edu/first-amendment/article/1045/espionage-act-of-1917

[2] Barnes, J. E. (2022, August 15). What is the Espionage Act and how has it been used?. The New York Times. Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/15/us/politics/espionage-act-explainer-trump.html 

[3] Espionage. (n.d.). The History Press. Retrieved from: /https://www.thehistorypress.co.uk/espionage/ 

[4] Espionage (2023, January 21). New World Encyclopedia. Retrieved from: https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Espionage

[5] Espionage Act of 1917 and Sedition Act of 1918 (1917-1918). (n.d.). National Constitution Cener. Retrieved from: https://constitutioncenter.org/the-constitution/historic-document-library/detail/espionage-act-of-1917-and-sedition-act-of-1918-1917-1918

[6] Espionage Facts (2023). SpyMuseum. Retrieved from: https://www.spymuseum.org/education-programs/spy-resources/espionage-facts/

[7] Kaufmann, A. (2022, August 12). What is the Espionage Act? What to know from its original purpose to who has been charged. USA Today. Retrieved from: https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2022/08/12/what-is-the-espionage-act/10312311002/

[8] Office of the Director of National Intelligence & Admin. (n.d.). The Espionage Act of 1917. INTEL. Retrieved from: https://www.intelligence.gov/evolution-of-espionage/world-war-1/america-declares-war/espionage-act

[9] Wilmoth, A. (2023, May). Espionage and Intelligence, Early Historical Foundations. Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence, and Security. Retrieved from:  https://www.encyclopedia.com/politics/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/espionage-and-intelligence-early-historical-foundations

[1] Dimuro, G. (2022). Spy, Murder Victim, Or Something Else? Inside The Decades-Long Mystery of the Isdal Woman. ATI. [Internet]. Retrieved from: https://allthatsinteresting.com/isdal-woman

[2] Ferrarin, E. (2022, February 01). The Isdal Woman Cold Case: Mystery Over Her Identity Endures Over 50 Years. A&E True Crime Blog: Stories & News [Internet]. https://www.aetv.com/real-crime/isdal-woman

[3] Higraff, M. & McCarthy, N. (Hosts). 2018-2021. Death in Ice Valley [Audio podcast]. BBC World Service & NRK.  

[4] Higraff, M. & McCarthy, N. (2019, June 25). Death in Ice Valley: New clues in Isdal Woman mystery. BBC News [Internet]. https://www.bbc.com/news/stories-48736937.

[5] n.a. (n.d.). Isdal Woman. https://theisdalwoman.com/ 

[6] N.a. (2022, May 06). Who Was The Isdal Woman and What Do We Know About Her Death?. Discovery Mysteries [Internet]. https://www.discoveryuk.com/mysteries/who-was-the-isdal-woman-and-what-do-we-know-about-her-death/. 

[7] Taylor, R. (2022, August 11). Who Is the Isdal Woman? The Crime Wire [Internet]. https://thecrimewire.com/true-crime/Who-Is-the-Isdal-Woman

Inquiry Link: The Victoria Climbié Inquiry (publishing.service.gov.uk) 

[1] N.a. (n.d.). About Parasites. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).  https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/about.html. [Retrieved 27 April 2023]. 

[2] Castro, G.A. & Olson, L.J. (1996). Medical Microbiology. 4th edition. Galveston (TX): University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. Introduction to Parasitology. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8262/. [Retrieved 27 April 2023]. 

[3] Cox, F.E.G. (2004). History of human parasitic diseases. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America, 18(2): 171-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idc.2004.01.001.  [Retrieved 27 April 2023]. 

[4] Fallis, A.M. (2015, March 04). Parasitology. The Canadian Encyclopedia. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/parasitology. [Retrieved 27 April 2023]. 

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[1] Alotaibi, S. S., Sayed, S. M., Alosaimi, M., Alharthi, R., Banjar, A., Abdulqader, N., & Alhamed, R. (2020). Pollen molecular biology: Applications in the forensic palynology and future prospects: A review. Saudi journal of biological sciences, 27(5), 1185-1190.

[2] Ezegbogu, M. O. (2021). Identifying the scene of a crime through pollen analysis. Science & Justice, 61(3), 205-213.

[3] International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY). (2018). Srebrenica: No Room for Denial. Retrieved April 11, 2023, from https://youtu.be/Sq77TySTst0.

[4] Kasprzyk, I. (2023). Forensic botany: who?, how?, where?, when?. Science & Justice.

[5] Mildenhall, D. C., Wiltshire, P. E., & Bryant, V. M. (2006). Forensic palynology: why do it and how it works. Forensic science international, 163(3), 163–172.

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[1] FBI. (2019, October 06). FBI Seeking Assistance Connecting Victims to Samuel Little’s Confessions. FBI. https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/samuel-little-most-prolific-serial-killer-in-us-history-100619. 

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[1] A&;E Television Networks. (2009, November 13). A cult leader kills one of his followers. History.com. Retrieved from https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/a-cult-leader-kills-one-of-his-followers

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For more information about the program, please contact us at shkaabemakwa@camh.ca

Urban Native Youth Association: Native Youth Health & Wellness Centre | Vancouver, British Columbia

Wabano Centre | Ontario

Native Counselling Services of Alberta | Alberta

Healing in Colour | Canada Wide

The Nunavut Kamatsiaqtut Help Line | Nunavut

Available in Inuktitut and English, 24/7. Call 867-979-3333 or toll-free 1-800-265-3333.

Hope for Wellness Helpline | Nunavut

Available in all Nunavut languages, 24/7. Call toll-free 1-855-242-3310.

[1] Carlton, G. (2022, April 27). The dark history of Canada's 'Starlight tours' that saw police leave indigenous people to freeze to death. All That's Interesting. Retrieved September 22, 2022, from https://allthatsinteresting.com/starlight-tours

[2] Carrier Sekani Family Services. (n.d.). Highway of Tears. Retrieved from https://highwayoftears.org/

[3] CBC News. (2005). Who was Neil Stonechild? CBC News Indepth: Neil Stonechild. Retrieved September 21, 2022, from https://web.archive.org/web/20180811171332/http://www.cbc.ca/news2/background/stonechild/

[4] CTV Saskatoon. (2018, May 4). Man accusing Saskatoon police of conducting A 'starlight tour' hires lawyer experienced with the allegation. Saskatoon. Retrieved September 22, 2022, from https://saskatoon.ctvnews.ca/man-accusing-saskatoon-police-of-conducting-a-starlight-tour-hires-lawyer-experienced-with-the-allegation-1.3916184

[5] Government of Canada. (2022, January 17). Reducing the number of indigenous children in care. Indigenous Services Canada. Retrieved from https://www.sac-isc.gc.ca/eng/1541187352297/1541187392851

[6] Highway of Tears Symposium Recommendations Report. (2006, June 16). Retrieved from https://highwayoftears.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Highway-of-Tears-Symposium-Recommendations-Report-January-2013.pdf

[7] Meagan Campbell. (2016, April 8). New light on Saskatoon's 'Starlight tours'. Macleans.ca. Retrieved September 22, 2022, from https://www.macleans.ca/news/canada/new-light-on-saskatoons-starlight-tours/

[8] Mythicalmethods. (2022, June 3). The many colors of the goddess: Pana and Pinga; Inuit goddesses of the soul. HubPages. Retrieved from: https://discover.hubpages.com/religion-philosophy/The-Many-Colors-of-the-Goddess-Pana-and-Pinga-Inuit-Goddesses-of-the-Soul

[9] N.a. (n.d.) Saskatoon police chief admits starlight cruises are not new.The Free Library. (2014). Retrieved Sep 21 2022 from https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Saskatoon+police+chief+admits+starlight+cruises+are+not+new.-a0105369747

[10] N.a. (2016, March 31). Someone at City Police Headquarters Deleted 'Starlight Tour' references on its Wikipedia page. Saskatoon StarPhoenix. Retrieved September 22, 2022, from https://web.archive.org/web/20160401195746/https://thestarphoenix.com/storyline/someone-at-city-police-headquarters-deleted-starlight-tour-references-on-its-wikipedia-page/

[11] Sabo, D. (2016, June 6). Highway of Tears. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved from: https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/highway-of-tears

[12] The Canadian Press. (2018, December 19). MAN files complaint against police, says officers left him outside Saskatoon. Global News. Retrieved September 22, 2022, from https://globalnews.ca/news/4165448/saskatoon-filed-complaint-police-alleged-starlight-tour/

[13] The Honourable Mr. Justice David H. Wright, Commissioner. Report of the Commission of Inquiry into matters relating to the Death of Neil Stonechild. Publications Centre. (2004). Retrieved September 21, 2022, from https://publications.saskatchewan.ca/#/products/9462

[14] Two Worlds Collide. (2011). National Film Board of Canada. Retrieved September 22, 2022, from https://www.nfb.ca/film/two_worlds_colliding/.

[1] Causes of Fatal Accidents by Decade. Plane Crash Info. http://www.planecrashinfo.com/cause.htm [Retrieved 08 September 2022].

[2] Government of Canada, T. S. B. of C. (2019, June 14). Swissair 111 investigation report - executive summary. Transportation Safety Board of Canada. Retrieved September 8, 2022, from https://www.tsb.gc.ca/eng/medias-media/fiches-facts/a98h0003/sum_a98h0003.html 

[3] Gramlich, J. (2022, February 03). What the data says about gun deaths in the U.S.. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2022/02/03/what-the-data-says-about-gun-deaths-in-the-u-s/ [Retrieved 08 September 2022]. 

[4] Gregersen, E. (2014, March 24). Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 disappearance. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved September 9, 2022, from https://www.britannica.com/event/Malaysia-Airlines-flight-370-disappearance 

[5] Kennedy, L. (2021, July 12). What happened to TWA Flight 800? History.com. Retrieved September 8, 2022, from https://www.history.com/news/twa-flight-800-crash-investigation 

[6] Langewiesche, W. (2019, July 1). What really happened to Malaysia's missing airplane. The Atlantic. Retrieved September 9, 2022, from https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2019/07/mh370-malaysia-airlines/590653/ 

[7] Lewis, R. (2017). TWA Flight 800. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved September 8, 2022, from https://www.britannica.com/topic/TWA-flight-800 

[8] Maltry, G.W. (2018, April 27). Airplane Crash Analysis. Engineering Design & Testing Corporation. https://www.edtengineers.com/blog-post/airplane-crash-analysis [Retrieved 08 September 2022]. 

[9] n.a. (n.d.). What is Forensic Engineering? Envista Forensics. https://www.envistaforensics.com/en-ca/our-company/what-is-forensic-engineering/ [Retrieved 08 September 2022]. 

[10] n.a. (2021, June 08). The Most Common Causes of Aviation Accidents. North Central Institute. https://nci.edu/2021/06/08/the-most-common-causes-of-aviation-accidents/ [Retrieved 08 September 2022].

[11] Ranter, H. (n.d.). Aviation Safety Network > Statistics > worst accidents > 10 worst accidents in North America. Aviation Safety Network > Retrieved September 8, 2022, from https://aviation-safety.net/statistics/worst/worst.php?continent=NA 

[12] Swopes, B. (2022, July 17). Boeing 747-131 archives. This Day in Aviation. Retrieved September 8, 2022, from https://www.thisdayinaviation.com/tag/boeing-747-131/ 

[13] Tikkanen, A. (2017). Swissair Flight 111. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved September 8, 2022, from https://www.britannica.com/event/Swissair-flight-111 

[14] Tyagi, V. (2021, March). Role of Forensic Science in Air Accidents Investigation. Journal on Contemporary Issues of Law, 7(3): 130-143. https://jcil.lsyndicate.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/09.-ROLE-OF-FORENSIC-SCIENCE-IN-AIR-ACCIDENTS-INVESTIGATION.pdf [Retrieved 08 September 2022].

[15] https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Reports/AAR0003.pdf

[16] Plane crash and Fear of Flying Statistics. FlyFright. https://flyfright.com/statistics/ [Retrieved 08 September 2022]. 

[1] n.a. (2006, November 25). Alexander Livtinenko. The Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1535094/Alexander-Litvinenko.html

[2] BBC News (2016, 21 January). Alexander Litvinenko: Profile of murdered Russian spy. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-19647226. 

[3] BBC News. (2016, January 27). Timeline: Alexander Litvinenko death case. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-30929940. 

[4] Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission. (2012, July). Fact sheet: Polonium-210. Retrieved August 18, 2022, from http://www.nuclearsafety.gc.ca/eng/pdfs/Fact_Sheets/Polonium-210-July-2012-eng.pdf

[5] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014, January 7). Radiation studies: CDC - radiation: Polonium-210. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved August 18, 2022, from https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/radiation/polonium-210.htm

[6] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021, August 6). Health effects of radiation. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved August 18, 2022, from https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/radiation/health.html

[7] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022, July 28). Radiation and your health. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved August 18, 2022, from https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/radiation/default.htm

[8] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022, May 17). Radiation studies: CDC - what is radiation? Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved August 18, 2022, from https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/radiation/what_is.html

[9 ] Harding, L. (2016, January 19). Alexander Litvinenko: the man who solved his own murder. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://amp.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/19/alexander-litvinenko-the-man-who-solved-his-own-murder

[10] Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. (2020, November 7). Radiation sickness. Mayo Clinic. Retrieved August 18, 2022, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/radiation-sickness/symptoms-causes/syc-20377058

[11] Miller, C. W., Whitcomb, R. C., Ansari, A., McCurley, C., Nemhauser, J. B., & Jones, R. (2012). SPECIAL REPORT: Murder by Radiation Poisoning: Implications for Public Health. Journal of environmental health, 74(10), 8-13.

[12] Owen, R. The Litvinenko Inquiry. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/493860/The-Litvinenko-Inquiry-H-C-695-web.pdf. 

[13] Sencen, L. (2015, July 21). Radiation sickness. NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders). Retrieved August 18, 2022, from https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/radiation-sickness/

[14] Staunton, D. (2016, January 21). The life and death of Alexander Litvinenko. The Irish Times. https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/uk/the-life-and-death-of-alexander-litvinenko-1.2506037.

[15] Simkin, J. (2013, May). Alexander Woollcott. Spartacus Educational. Retrieved from https://spartacus-educational.com/MDlitvinenko.htm 

[16] US EPA. (2022, June). Radiation Basics. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved August 18, 2022, from https://www.epa.gov/radiation/radiation-basics

[17] Weiss, J. F., & Landauer, M. R. (2009). History and development of radiation-protective agents. International journal of radiation biology, 85(7), 539-573.

[1] Burrow, J. G. (2016). The use of the Podotrack in forensic podiatry for collection and analysis of bare footprints using the Reel method of measurement. Science & Justice, 56(3), 216-222.

[2] Krishan, K., Kanchan, T., & DiMaggio, J. A. (2015). Emergence of forensic podiatry—a novel sub-discipline of forensic sciences. Forensic science international, 255, 16-27.

[3] Mukhra, R., Krishan, K., & Kanchan, T. (2018). Bare footprint metric analysis methods for comparison and identification in forensic examinations: A review of literature. Journal of forensic and legal medicine, 58, 101-112.

[4] n.a. (n.d.). Ray Krone. Innocence Project. Retrieved from: https://innocenceproject.org/cases/ray-krone/

[5] n.a. (2012). Ray Krone. The National Registry of Exonerations. Retrieved from: https://www.law.umich.edu/special/exoneration/Pages/casedetail.aspx?caseid=3365

[6] n.a. (n.d.), Ray Krone. Witness to Innocence. Retrieved from: https://www.witnesstoinnocence.org/single-post/ray-krone

[7] Nirenberg, M. (2016). Meeting a forensic podiatry admissibility challenge: a Daubert case study. Journal of forensic sciences, 61(3), 833-841

[8] Pal, S. (2017, May 22). From prints to prison: Forensic podiatry and Gait Analysis Gain Ground: Lower Extremity Review Magazine. Lower Extremity Review Magazine | Rehabilitation • Trauma • Diabetes • Biomechanics • Sports Medicine. Retrieved from https://lermagazine.com/cover_story/from-prints-to-prison-forensic-podiatry-and-gait-analysis-gain-ground

[9] Sherrer, H, (2003, March). Twice Wrongly Convicted of Murder- Ray Krone Is Set Free After 10 Years. Justice Denied Magazine, 2(9). http://forejustice.org/wc/ray_krone_JD_vol2_i9.htm

[10] Vernon, W. (2006). The development and practice of forensic podiatry. Journal of clinical forensic medicine, 13(6-8), 284-287.

[1] Carlo, P. (2006). The Night Stalker: The Life and Crimes of Richard Ramirez. Pinnacle Books.

[2] Holmes, R.M. (2001). Criminal stalking: An analysis of the various of the various tyologies of stalkers. In J.A. Davis (Ed.), Stalking crimes and victim protection: prevention, intervention, threat assessment, and case management (pp. 12-29). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

[3] Mullen, P.E. (2000). Erotomania (pathologies of love) and stalking. In F. Flack (Ed), The Hatherleigh guide to psychiatric disorders, part II (pp. 145-163). Long Island City, NY: Hatherleigh Company. 

[4]Mullen P.E., Pathe, M., & Purcell, R. (2001). The management of stalkers. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 7(5), 335-342. doi: 10,1192/apt.7.5.335.

[5] Rosewood J, Lo R. The Big Book of Serial Killers. Bolton (ON): LAK Publishing; 2017. 289-292.

[6] Russel, T., Holzman, E., Saidman, A., & Walsh, T. (Producers). (2021). Night Stalker: The Hunt For A Serial Killer. [TV series]. Netflix.

[7] Sheridan, L.P., & Boom, J. (2002). Stalker typologies: Implications for law enforcement. In J. Boon & L. Sheridan (Eds.), Stalking and psychosexual obsession: Psychological perspectives for prevention, policing and treatment (pp. 63-82). Chichester, UK: Wiley.

[8] Watt, M. C. (2014). ”Every Move You Make, Every Step You Take, I’ll Be Watching You”: Stalking. In Explorations in Forensic Psychology: Cases in Criminal and Abnormal Behaviour (pp. 111-141). [VitalSource Bookshelf 10.0.2].  Retrieved from vbk://978017672814.

[9] Zona, M.A., Sharma, K.K., & Lane, J.C. (1993). A comparative study of erotomanic and obsessional subjects in a forensic sample. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 38(4), 894-903. 

[10] Zona, M.A., Palarea, R.E., & Lane J.C. (1998). Psychiatric diagnosis and the offender-victim typology of stalking. In J. R. Meloy (Ed.), The Psychology of stalking: Clinical and forensic perspectives (pp. 69-84). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. 

[1] Best, J. (2016, June 6). Stalking. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/stalking-crime

[2] Criminal Code, R.S.C., 1985, c. C-46.

[3] Dawn Canada. Crisis Hotlines. https://www.dawncanada.net/issues/crisis-hotlines/

[4] Government of Canada (2021, December 08). Stalking is a crime called criminal harassment. https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/cj-jp/fv-vf/stalk-harc/har.html. 

[5] Government of Canada. (2009, April 09). Criminal Harassment: Stalking. https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/health-promotion/stop-family-violence/publications/criminal-harassment-stalking.html. 

[6] Gregson, C.B. (1998, January). California’s Antistalking Statute: The Pivotal Role of intent. Golden State University Law Review, 28(2): 221-263. https://digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1726&context=ggulrev

[7] R. v. Mills, [1999] 3 S.C.R. 668. 

[8] Spitzberg, B. H., & Cupach, W. R. (2007). The state of the art of stalking: Taking stock on the emerging literature. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 12, 64–86. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2006.05.001. 

[9] Statistics Canada. (2020). Table 1: Police-reported crime for selected offences, Canada, 2019 and 2020. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/85-002-x/2021001/article/00013/tbl/tbl01-eng.htm. 

[10] The National Association of Women and the Law (NAWL). (1993, June 01). Submission to the Legislative Committee on Bill C-126, An Act to Amend the Criminal Code and the Young Offenders Act. https://nawl.ca/submission-to-the-legislative-committee-on-bill-c-126-an-act-to-amend-the-criminal-code-and-the-young-offenders-act/. 

[11] Watt, M. C. (2014). ”Every Move You Make, Every Step You Take, I’ll Be Watching You”: Stalking. In Explorations in Forensic Psychology: Cases in Criminal and Abnormal Behaviour (pp. 111-141). [VitalSource Bookshelf 10.0.2].  Retrieved from vbk://978017672814.

[12] Way, R.C. (1994). The Criminalization of Stalking: An Exercise in Media Manipulation and Political Opportuuism. McGill Law Journal, 39(379): 379-400. https://lawjournal.mcgill.ca/wp-content/uploads/pdf/517767-39.2.Way.pdf. 

HOTLINES: 

• For the US: call 1-800-799-SAFE (7233) or text “START” to 88788. There is also information available at thehotline.org

• For Canadian residents, it’s advised to call 9-1-1

  • But, https://www.dawncanada.net/issues/crisis-hotlines/ has several provincial based numbers as well

• If you aren't in a position to contact these lines, our inbox is always open and we can discreetly help in any way that we can 

[1] Byers S. Introduction to Forensic Anthropology. 1st ed. Boston (MA): Allyn & Bacon; 2002.

[2] CBC Radio. (2019). Canada’s 1st forensics body farm is coming this summer. CBC. https://www.cbc.ca/radio/asithappens/as-it-happens-tuesday-edition-1.5143405/canada-s-1st-forensics-body-farm-is-coming-this-summer-1.5143412

[3] Colburn C. Forensic Taphonomy. Presented at: Winona State University. Winona, MN. 

[4] Dautartas A, Kenyhercz MW, Viodoli GM, et al. Differential decomposition among pigs, rabbit, and human remains. J Forensic Sci. 2018; 63(6): 1673-1683.

[5] Ebersole, R. (2019). Down on the Body Farm: Unlocking the Forensic Secrets of Decaying Corpses. Undark. https://undark.org/2019/11/11/how-microbes-could-aid-forensic-detectives/

[6] Forensic Anthropology Center [Internet]. Knoxville, TN: The University of Tennessee. [03/12/20]. Available from: https://fac.utk.edu/

[7] Goff ML. Early post-mortem changes and stages of decomposition in exposed cadavers. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 2009; 49(1-2):21-36

[8] Ruiz G. Enter The Disturbing World Of Body Farms. ATI. [Internet]. June 15, 2018 [March 12 2020]. Available from: https://allthatsinteresting.com/body-farms

[9] Shields, B. (2021). Some of death’s mysteries explored at Canada’s only ‘body farm’. CTV News. https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/some-of-death-s-mysteries-explored-at-canada-s-only-body-farm-1.5251672

[10] Shirley NR, Wilson RJ, Jantz LM. Cadaver use at the University of Tennessee’s anthropological research facility. Clin Anat. 2011; 24(3): 372-380

[11] Zhou, C., Byard, R.W. Factors and processes causing accelerated decomposition in human cadavers–an overview. J Forensic Leg Med. 2011; 18(1): 6-9.

[12] https://www.utdailybeacon.com/campus_news/science_and_medicine/body-farm-identity-crisis-solved-after-30-years/article_ec8e487c-bc28-11e8-8be7-4bdc4ddb29b9.html

[13] http://themurdersquad.com/episodes/the-redhead-murders/

[14] https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1891&dat=19850425&id=brgfAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rNcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1432,4859376

[15] https://newschannel9.com/news/local/tbi-identifies-suspect-in-1985-redhead-murders-case-as-cleveland-tenn-man

[16] https://peoplepill.com/people/redhead-murders

[17] https://www.insider.com/us-cold-cases-true-crime-2018-4#tennessee-the-redhead-murders-of-red-haired-women-occurred-in-tennessee-as-well-as-four-other-states-over-three-decades-42

[18] https://allthatsinteresting.com/redhead-murders

[19] insidehook.com/article/crime/cold-case-redhead-murders

[20] https://forensicyard.com/the-mysterious-redhead-murders-serial-killing-or-mere-coincidence/

[21] https://unidentified-awareness.fandom.com/wiki/Espy_Black-Pilgrim

[22] https://www.knoxnews.com/story/news/crime/2019/12/19/suspect-named-redhead-murders-campbell-county-cold-case/2697031001/

[23] https://www.doenetwork.org/

[1] ABFA. (2018). Students. Retrieved December 09, 2020, from http://theabfa.org/faq/students/

[2] Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2021, July 5). Paul Broca. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Paul-Broca

[3] Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2020, January 3). Romanov dynasty. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Romanov-dynasty

[4] Byers, S. N. (2011). Introduction to forensic anthropology. Boston: Pearson/Allyn and Bacon.

[5] Coble, M. D., Loreille, O. M., Wadhams, M. J., Edson, S. M., Maynard, K., Meyer, C. E., ... & Finelli, L. N. (2009). Mystery solved: the identification of the two missing Romanov children using DNA analysis. PloS one, 4(3), e4838.

[6] Constitutional Rights Foundation. (2001). BRIA 13 3 a The Riddle of the Romanovs. United States. [Web Archive] Retrieved from: https://www.crf-usa.org/bill-of-rights-in-action/bria-13-3-a-the-riddle-of-the-romanovs

[7] Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency (DPAA). (n.d.). Retrieved December 08, 2020, from https://www.dpaa.mil/

[8] Ferllini R. & Wecht C. (2002).  Silent witness.  East Roseville, N.S.W:  Simon & Schuster

Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Anthropology. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/anthropology\

[9] History.com Editors. September 21, 2017. Romanov Family. HISTORY. A & E Television Networks. Retrieved from: https://www.history.com/topics/russia/romanov-family

[10] Kolesnikov, L. L., Pashinyan, G. A., & Abramov, S. S. (2001). Anatomical appraisal of the skulls and teeth associated with the family of Tsar Nicolay Romanov. The Anatomical record, 265(1), 15–32. https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.1037

[11] Sansom, Ian. August 27, 2011. Great dynasties of the world: The Romanovs. The Guardian. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2011/aug/27/great-dynasties-romanovs-ian-sansom

[12] The Romanov Royal Martyrs. (2019, November 5). Romanovs: The Missing Bodies | National Geographic. [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/wRWSIUQfahI

[13] Ubelaker D.H. (2018). A history of forensic anthropology. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 165, 915-923. DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23306

[14] Ubelaker D.H. (2006). Introduction to Forensic Anthropology. In: Schmitt A., Cunha E., Pinheiro J. (eds) Forensic Anthropology and Medicine. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-099-7_1

[1] A&E Television Networks. (2009, November 13). The St. Valentine's Day Massacre. History.com [Internet]. https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-st-valentines-day-massacre  

[2] Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2022, January 21). Al Capone. Encyclopedia Britannica [Internet]. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Al-Capone 

[3] Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2022, February 7). Saint Valentine’s Day Massacre. Encyclopedia Britannica [Internet]. https://www.britannica.com/event/Saint-Valentines-Day-Massacre. 

[4] Crumbly DL., & Apostolou N. (2018). America’s First (and Most Fearless) High-profile Forensic Accountant [Internet]. http://abfa.us/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Americas-First-2.5.18-site.pdf. 

[5] Daugherty, G. (2021, October 29). How Al Capone spent his time in Alcatraz. History.com [Internet]. https://www.history.com/news/al-capone-alcatraz. 

[6] FBI. (2016, May 18). Al Capone. FBI [Internet]. https://www.fbi.gov/history/famous-cases/al-capone. 

[7] The TASA Group. (n.d.). Forensic Accountants: Why, When, and How to Hire Them [Internet]. https://www.tasanet.com/Knowledge-Center/Articles/ArtMID/477/ArticleID/343563/Forensic-Accountants-Why-When-and-How-to-Hire-Them. 

[8] Hayes, A. (2020). Forensic Accounting. Investopedia.com [Internet]. investopedia.com/terms/f/forensicaccounting.asp. 

history.com Editors (2019). Al Capone. History.com [Internet]. https://www.history.com/topics/crime/al-capone. 

[9] Roufa T. (2019). What Does a Forensic Accountant Do?. The Balance Careers [Internet].  https://www.thebalancecareers.com/forensic-accountant-job-information-974648#:~:text=Forensic%20accountants%20who%20provide%20investigative,fraud%20and%20other%20financial%20crimes. 

[10] Ministry of Finance of British Columbia. (n.d.). Investigation and Forensic Unit Policy and Procedures Manual. https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/british-columbians-our-governments/organizational-structure/public-service/investigation_and_forensic_unit_policy_and_procedures_manual.pdf?bcgovtm=2free. 

[11] Tuovilq, A. (2020). Audit. Investopedia.com [Internet]. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/audit.asp. 

[12] Zysman A. (n.d.). Forensic Accounting Demystified [Internet]. https://www.forensicaccounting.com/index.htm. 

[1] Anderson, G. (2000). Minimum and maximum development rates of some forensically important Calliphoridae (Diptera). Journal of Forensic Sciences, 45, 824 - 832.

[2] Anderson, G. (2016, June 15). Entomology - A Primer. Canadian Society of Forensic Science. Retrieved from: https://www.csfs.ca/entomology/

[3] Anderson, G. (n.d.). Forensic Entomology: The Use of Insects in Death Investigation. Simon Frasier University. Retrieved from: https://www.sfu.ca/~ganderso/forensicentomology.htm

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